Kim An-guk (金安國, September 2, 1478 (8th year of Seongjong) – February 7, 1543 (38th year of Jungjong); lunar calendar August 6 – January 4) was a Joseon-period civil official and Neo-Confucian scholar who served as Governor of Gyeongsang Province during the reign of [[Jungjong of Joseon|Jungjong]].
Born~Died Sep 2, 1478 ~ Feb 7, 1543Last edited Oct 15, 2026, 2:51 PM
Kim An-guk (金安國, September 2, 1478 (9th year of Seongjong) – February 7, 1543 (38th year of Jungjong); lunar calendar August 6 – January 4)1 was a civil official and Neo-Confucian scholar of the early Joseon period who served as Governor of Gyeongsang Province during the reign of Jungjong.
Erudite and skilled in literature, he was a Neo-Confucian scholar whose writings include the Mojae Collection (慕齋集), Mojae Family Instructions (慕齋家訓), and Dongmong seonseup (童蒙先習). As an editor, his works include Ilryun Haengsildo Eonhae (二倫行實圖諺解), Seongnidaejeon Eonhae (性理大全諺解), Jeongsok Eonhae (正俗諺解), Nongseo Eonhae (農書諺解), Jamseo Eonhae (蠶書諺解), Yeossi Hyangyak Eonhae (呂氏鄕約諺解), Byeokonbang (辟瘟方), and Changjinbang (瘡疹方).
Together with Jo Gwang-jo (趙光朝) and Gi Jun (奇遵), he was a disciple of Kim Gweng-pil (金宏弼), and by mastering he became a pioneer of the advocating ideal governance.
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In the 7th year of Yeonsangun (1501), he passed the jinsa examination, and in the 9th year (1503) he passed the special munkwa examination in the second grade and was appointed to the Seungmunwon (承文院). He subsequently served as Baksa, Vice Compiler, and Buk-gyori (부교리), among other posts. In the 2nd year of Jungjong (1507), he passed the munkwa jungsi examination in the Byeonggwa grade, and served as Jipyeong and Jangnyeong of the Saheonbu, Yejo chamui, Daesagan, and Minister of Works, among other posts.
In 1517, he was dispatched as Governor of Gyeongsang Province, where he recommended the Sohak (小學) to the local hyanggyo schools and published and widely disseminated vernacular translations such as Nongseo Eonhae, Jamseo Eonhae, Ilryun Haengsildo Eonhae, Yeossi Hyangyak Eonhae, and Jeongsok Eonhae, as well as medical works such as Byeokonbang and Changjinbang. He also implemented village compacts and worked to promote moral education.
In 1519, while serving as Governor of Jeolla Province, the great scholar Kim In-hu of the Injong era, known as Hasseo, visited him and asked to be taught. He returned to Seoul and became Chamchan, but in the same year the Gimyo Purge occurred, and he narrowly escaped harm while many younger elite officials of the faction led by Jo Gwang-jo were put to death. He was dismissed from office and retired to Icheon in Gyeonggi Province, where he spent his days leisurely teaching younger scholars.
In 1541, while serving as Minister of War, he proposed the purchase of books on astronomy, calendrical science, and military strategy. He also combined water moss with paper mulberry (楮) to make taeji (台紙, paper mixed with fine moss-like fibers), presented it to the king, and petitioned for its wider dissemination.4 In particular, it is said that the paper known as tae (苔紙) was an invention of Kim An-guk, an official of the reign of Jungjong (16th century), and that it was called "Taejeongjeon (苔精箋)" (たいせいせん) (citing the Japanese writer Yu Jong-ryeol's Jeolla Travelogue).
In Japan as well, it was produced under the name "Rakusui-shi" (樂水紙) in places such as Yoshino-kunisu, Nara Prefecture.
As a civil official from the gentry class, he worked hard to govern according to Neo-Confucian ideals, and devoted his life to efforts to understand and accept Chinese culture. He also placed emphasis on friendly relations with Japan, Tsushima, and others.
He was also renowned for his poetry and prose. After the Gimyo Purge, he was looked to with hope by Sarim faction intellectuals, and many writings by 16th-century scholars emphasize their personal connections with him. He did not agree with the radical claims of Jo Gwang-jo, and by behaving prudently in political matters during the purges he was able to avoid harm. He also actively promoted the spread of the Sohak among the Sarim faction. The dissemination of the Sohak had already been carried out in the 7th year of Taejong (1407) and the 4th year of Jungjong (1509), but it was actively realized through his efforts.
After his death as Grand Academician, he was enshrined in the royal shrine of King Injong, and was also enshrined at Gicheon Seowon (沂川書院) in Yeoju, Seolbong Seowon (雪峰書院) in Icheon, and Bingye Seowon (氷溪書院) in Uiseong, among others. His writings include the Mojae Collection and Mojae Family Instructions.
Evaluation
Evaluation from the Perspective of Korean Linguistics
In order to realize Neo-Confucian ideals, Kim An-guk actively played a leading role in the translation, compilation, and publication of practical works aimed at cultivating fundamentals and enlightenment, establishing human relations, promoting village moral education, encouraging agriculture, and treating disease, so that they could be widely circulated and easily understood even by the common people. In order to achieve these practical goals, he took an active part in the translation, compilation, and publication of works such as Yeossi Hyangyak Eonhae, Jeongsok Eonhae, Ilryun Haengsildo Eonhae, Nongseo Eonhae, Jamseo Eonhae, Byeokonbang Eonhae, Changjinbang Eonhae, and Bonmun Oneok Ihaebang, thereby leaving behind achievements in Korean linguistics. Since these vernacular translation texts are valuable materials for research on Korean language capable of clarifying various features of the language of the time, Kim An-guk's position in Korean linguistics can be defined as that of their translator, compiler, and publisher.5
Favorable Perception of Japan
Kim An-guk's perception of Japan was based on an objective and perspective-driven view, and he maintained a friendly outlook.6
During the reign of Jungjong, Kim An-guk served as Seonwisa (宣慰使, envoy for welcoming foreign envoys). Although he never personally visited Japan, through continuous contact with envoys who came to present tribute, he was recognized in Joseon as an expert on Japan. He was in charge of receiving various Japanese sasung (使僧, envoy monks), and his open and friendly perception of Japan is clearly seen in his exchanges with Bung-jung (弸中) and Ansim Dongdang (安心東堂).
In April 1542 (37th year of Jungjong), the Japanese Ansim Dongdang came to present tribute bearing 80,000 nyang of silver. At that time, silver was an item whose trade was forbidden in Joseon, and this led to a tense standoff between the two countries. Joseon insisted that it would trade only in necessary goods excluding silver, whereas Japan took the position that if the silver was not accepted, it would take all trade goods back home. Among the Joseon officials who raised sharply opposing arguments on this issue, Kim An-guk took the position that, out of consideration for the goodwill offered, at least part of the silver brought should be accepted.
Joseon adopted the Chinese-centered diplomatic policy of Ming China, establishing a relationship of serving the great (事大) with China and a relationship of good-neighborly relations (交隣) with Japan. However, relations with Japan were only nominally equal and friendly, and most literati of the time viewed Japan based on the traditional Sino-centric view of civilization (華夷觀), and therefore felt a relative sense of superiority over it. In contrast, Kim An-guk did not regard Japan as a land of barbarians to be civilized, but recognized it as a neighboring country in an equal relationship. He warned against the literati of the time who held a view disparaging Japan based on preconceptions, and emphasized that good-neighborly relations should be maintained with Japan on a friendly basis and that proper courtesy should be shown to Japan. His resolute sense of duty as an official, who stressed that unnecessary disturbances in mutual trade between the two countries were of no benefit, is also evident here. Kim An-guk, who recognized Japan from an objective and open perspective unlike his contemporaries, was thereby subjected to harsh criticism on this matter, despite the generally positive evaluation of him in the Veritable Records.
8th day of 8th lunar month, 9th year of Seongjong (1478): born
15th year of Seongjong: at age 7, began studying the Sohak (小學)
At ages 12 and 13, read the classics (經書) and histories (史書) and grasped their great meaning
At ages 15 and 16, admired the learning of Cheng and Zhu (程朱) and wrote the Daeyubu (大遊賦)
25th year of Seongjong: at age 17, mourning for his father (外艱) following the death of Kim Ryeon (金璉)
2nd year of Yeonsangun: at age 19, mourning for his mother (內艱) following the death of Lady Yangcheon Heo (陽川 許氏); personally carved the tombstone inscription (碣文)
7th year of Yeonsangun (1501): ranked first in the jinsa examination and first in the saengwon examination
9th year of Yeonsangun (1503): ranked second in the special munkwa examination, appointed as Acting Assistant Corrector at the Seungmunwon (承文院權知副正字), granted the Tongsarang rank, and soon became Corrector (正字)
10th year of Yeonsangun (1504): promoted to Chujangnang (著作郞), then transferred to Seungjeongwon Jusa (承政院注士), concurrently serving as recording official of the Chunchugwan (春秋館記事官); appointed Bakssa of the Hongmungwan (弘文館博士) and concurrently Sutra Sagyeong of the Gyeongyeon (經筵司經), with Mugongrang rank; promoted to Vice Compiler (副修撰), concurrently serving as Gyeongyeon Reviewing Official (經筵檢討官); later resigned
1st year of Jungjong (1506): recruited as deputy to the envoy to welcome Chinese envoy Seo Mok-gil (徐穆吉). Became Hobunwi Sagwa (虎賁衛司果) concurrently serving as Jijegyo (知製敎), with Byeongjeolrang rank. Appointed Seungmunwon Gyeomgeom (承文院校檢), concurrently serving as Sisangwon Sasu (侍講院司書). Became Assistant Professor of the Hongmungwan (弘文館副敎理) with Seongyo-rang rank
2nd year of Jungjong (1507): promoted to Bonghun-daebu (奉訓大夫), concurrently serving as Seungmunwon Gyori (承文院校理). Passed the jungsi examination with Bongjik-daebu (奉直大夫) rank. While serving as Jipyeong of the Saheonbu, requested at the Gyeongyeon that customs and moral education be promoted, to restore the Three Bonds (三綱) that had been corrupted under Yeonsangun
3rd year of Jungjong (1508): transferred as Jeongnang of the Yejo (禮曹正郞), with Jobong-daebu (朝奉大夫) rank
4th year of Jungjong (1509): became Jangnyeong of the Saheonbu and Hobunwi Hogun (虎賁衛護軍). Became Jikgang of the Seonggyungwan (成均館直講), passed through Cheomjeong of the Sadosa (司導寺僉正), and was transferred to Sayae of the Seonggyungwan (成均館司藝), with Josan-daebu (朝散大夫) rank
5th year of Jungjong (1510): Buljeong of the Naejasa (內資寺副正) and Sungsa of the Seonggyungwan (成均館司成)
6th year of Jungjong (1511): promoted to Bonglyeol-daebu (奉列大夫); became Seonwisa for the Japanese envoy Bung-jung (弸中). 7th year of Jungjong (1512): promoted to Bongjeong-daebu (奉正大夫); again became Seonwisa for the Japanese envoy Bung-jung
8th year of Jungjong (1513): promoted to Jeong of the Naejasa (內資寺正)
9th year of Jungjong (1514): by royal order, went to Gaeseong to revise the measurement of the royal field (籍田); fixed the boundaries of land surveying
10th year of Jungjong (1515): Pangyo of the Seungmunwon (承文院判校); strictly enforced the method of training Chinese clerks in reading in Korean (漢吏訓讀習法); Tongjeong-daebu (通政大夫); Ye (禮) and Jo Chamui (曹參議) Sa-sok (司誎) Won-dae-sa-sok (院大司誎); Cheomji Jungchubu-sa (僉知中樞府事)
11th year of Jungjong (1516): Dong-bu Seungji of the Seungjeongwon (承政院同副承旨) and Right Deputy Seungji (右部承旨); submitted a memorial on the succession of Nosangun (魯山君) and Yeonsangun (燕山君)
12th year of Jungjong (1517): Left Deputy Seungji (左副承旨); granted Gaseon-daebu (嘉善大夫) rank; appointed Governor of Gyeongsang Province (慶尙道觀察使), concurrently serving as Commander of Military and Naval Forces (兵馬水軍節度使)
13th year of Jungjong (1518): Dongji Jungchubu-sa (同知中樞府事) and Deputy Envoy for Expressing Gratitude (謝恩副使), traveled to China and returned; granted Jahon-daebu (資憲大夫) rank; concurrently served as Minister of Works (工曹判書), Jigyeongyeon (知經筵), and Dongji of the Seonggyungwan (同知成均館事)
14th year of Jungjong (1519): Jicheom-chubu-sa (知中樞府事); concurrently Governor of Jeolla Province (全羅道觀察使) and Commander of Military and Naval Forces; taught Kim In-hu (金麟厚), later enshrined in the Munmyo, praising him as "my little friend" and "a man of the three dynasties." Returned to Seoul and concurrently served as Right Chamchan of the Uijeongbu (議政府右參贊) and Jehak of the Hongmungwan (弘文館提學)
14th year of Jungjong (1519), 11th month: Jo Gwang-jo and others were falsely accused and suffered; Gimyo Purge. He too was dismissed and retired to Jujon (注村) in Icheon (利川), Gyeonggi Province (dismissed from the 14th year of Jungjong to the 32nd year)
23rd year of Jungjong (1528): moved to Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province
32nd year of Jungjong (1537): reappointed as Sanghogun (上護軍), concurrently Dongji of the Seonggyungwan
33rd year of Jungjong (1538): Dongji Dongnyeongbu-sa (同知敦寧府事), concurrently Dong Seon-gyungwan-sa (同成均館事), Jicheom-chubu-ji-sa (知中樞府知事), Minister of Rites (禮曹判書), Right Chamchan (右參贊), Jehak of the Yemungwan (藝文館提學), and Left Chamchan (左參贊)
34th year of Jungjong (1539): Seonwisa (接待使) for the Ming envoy Seol Jeong-chong (薛廷寵); Jicheom-chubu-sa (知中樞府事), concurrently Dochongbu Dochonggwan (都總府都摠管), and Left Chamchan (左參贊)
35th year of Jungjong (1540): concurrently Left Guest of the Crown Prince (世子左賓客), Minister of Rites (禮曹判書), Grand Censor (大司憲), Jicheom-chubu-sa (知中樞府事), Pan-jicheom-chubu-sa (判中樞府事), Mayor of Hanseong (漢城府判尹), Left Chamchan (左參贊), Right Chanseong (右贊成), Grand Academician of the Hongmungwan (弘文館大提學), Grand Academician of the Yemungwan (藝文館大提學), and Left Chanseong as Tutor to the Crown Prince (世子貳師左贊成)
36th year of Jungjong (1541): Minister of War (兵曹判書), Pan-dongnyeongbu-sa (判敦寧府事), and Minister of Rites (禮曹判書) reappointed
37th year of Jungjong (1542): Tutor to the Crown Prince (世子貳師), concurrently Dochongwan of the Oewi Dochongbu (五衛都摠府都摠管), Minister of Rites (禮曹判書), Jicheom-chubu-sa (知中樞府事), Pan-jicheom-chubu-sa (判中樞府事), and Dochong-gwan (都摠管); resigned
38th year of Jungjong (1543): died on the 4th day of the 1st lunar month; buried on the 29th day of the 3rd month in the side of the original family graves facing 丑 (丑坐) at Haechon-ri, Dongmyeon, Jangdan County
Notes
This article includes content based on the Global World Encyclopedia distributed under the GFDL or CC-SA license by Daum Communications (now Kakao).
Footnotes
Gukyeok Gukjo Inmul-go. Sejong Daewang Memorial Project Association. December 30, 1999. Confirmed January 3, 2016. ↩
“Kim An-guk”. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Confirmed January 3, 2016. ↩
Kang, Jung-gi (2004). Gyeongse-ron and Buddhist Critique in Early Joseon. Seoul National University Institute of Philosophy and Thought. pp. 199–200. ISBN 89-91280-17-X. ↩
Yeo, Chan-yeong (2008). “A Study of Kim An-guk's Position in Korean Linguistics.” Language Science Research46: 61. ↩
Son, Yu-gyeong (2009). “Mojae Kim An-guk's Perception of Japan.” Hanmun Gojeon Yeongu19: 31–53. ↩
Yeo, Chan-yeong (2008). “A Study of Kim An-guk's Position in Korean Linguistics.” Language Science Research46: 52–54. ↩
Kim An-guk (金安國, September 2, 1478 (9th year of Seongjong) – February 7, 1543 (38th year of Jungjong); lunar calendar August 6 – January 4)1 was a civil official and Neo-Confucian scholar of the early Joseon period who served as Governor of Gyeongsang Province during the reign of Jungjong.
Erudite and skilled in literature, he was a Neo-Confucian scholar whose writings include the Mojae Collection (慕齋集), Mojae Family Instructions (慕齋家訓), and Dongmong seonseup (童蒙先習). As an editor, his works include Ilryun Haengsildo Eonhae (二倫行實圖諺解), Seongnidaejeon Eonhae (性理大全諺解), Jeongsok Eonhae (正俗諺解), Nongseo Eonhae (農書諺解), Jamseo Eonhae (蠶書諺解), Yeossi Hyangyak Eonhae (呂氏鄕約諺解), Byeokonbang (辟瘟方), and Changjinbang (瘡疹方).
In the 7th year of Yeonsangun (1501), he passed the jinsa examination, and in the 9th year (1503) he passed the special munkwa examination in the second grade and was appointed to the Seungmunwon (承文院). He subsequently served as Baksa, Vice Compiler, and Buk-gyori (부교리), among other posts. In the 2nd year of Jungjong (1507), he passed the munkwa jungsi examination in the Byeonggwa grade, and served as Jipyeong and Jangnyeong of the Saheonbu, Yejo chamui, Daesagan, and Minister of Works, among other posts.
In 1517, he was dispatched as Governor of Gyeongsang Province, where he recommended the Sohak (小學) to the local hyanggyo schools and published and widely disseminated vernacular translations such as Nongseo Eonhae, Jamseo Eonhae, Ilryun Haengsildo Eonhae, Yeossi Hyangyak Eonhae, and Jeongsok Eonhae, as well as medical works such as Byeokonbang and Changjinbang. He also implemented village compacts and worked to promote moral education.
In 1519, while serving as Governor of Jeolla Province, the great scholar Kim In-hu of the Injong era, known as Hasseo, visited him and asked to be taught. He returned to Seoul and became Chamchan, but in the same year the Gimyo Purge occurred, and he narrowly escaped harm while many younger elite officials of the faction led by Jo Gwang-jo were put to death. He was dismissed from office and retired to Icheon in Gyeonggi Province, where he spent his days leisurely teaching younger scholars.
In 1541, while serving as Minister of War, he proposed the purchase of books on astronomy, calendrical science, and military strategy. He also combined water moss with paper mulberry (楮) to make taeji (台紙, paper mixed with fine moss-like fibers), presented it to the king, and petitioned for its wider dissemination.4 In particular, it is said that the paper known as tae (苔紙) was an invention of Kim An-guk, an official of the reign of Jungjong (16th century), and that it was called "Taejeongjeon (苔精箋)" (たいせいせん) (citing the Japanese writer Yu Jong-ryeol's Jeolla Travelogue).
In Japan as well, it was produced under the name "Rakusui-shi" (樂水紙) in places such as Yoshino-kunisu, Nara Prefecture.
As a civil official from the gentry class, he worked hard to govern according to Neo-Confucian ideals, and devoted his life to efforts to understand and accept Chinese culture. He also placed emphasis on friendly relations with Japan, Tsushima, and others.
He was also renowned for his poetry and prose. After the Gimyo Purge, he was looked to with hope by Sarim faction intellectuals, and many writings by 16th-century scholars emphasize their personal connections with him. He did not agree with the radical claims of Jo Gwang-jo, and by behaving prudently in political matters during the purges he was able to avoid harm. He also actively promoted the spread of the Sohak among the Sarim faction. The dissemination of the Sohak had already been carried out in the 7th year of Taejong (1407) and the 4th year of Jungjong (1509), but it was actively realized through his efforts.
After his death as Grand Academician, he was enshrined in the royal shrine of King Injong, and was also enshrined at Gicheon Seowon (沂川書院) in Yeoju, Seolbong Seowon (雪峰書院) in Icheon, and Bingye Seowon (氷溪書院) in Uiseong, among others. His writings include the Mojae Collection and Mojae Family Instructions.
Evaluation
Evaluation from the Perspective of Korean Linguistics
In order to realize Neo-Confucian ideals, Kim An-guk actively played a leading role in the translation, compilation, and publication of practical works aimed at cultivating fundamentals and enlightenment, establishing human relations, promoting village moral education, encouraging agriculture, and treating disease, so that they could be widely circulated and easily understood even by the common people. In order to achieve these practical goals, he took an active part in the translation, compilation, and publication of works such as Yeossi Hyangyak Eonhae, Jeongsok Eonhae, Ilryun Haengsildo Eonhae, Nongseo Eonhae, Jamseo Eonhae, Byeokonbang Eonhae, Changjinbang Eonhae, and Bonmun Oneok Ihaebang, thereby leaving behind achievements in Korean linguistics. Since these vernacular translation texts are valuable materials for research on Korean language capable of clarifying various features of the language of the time, Kim An-guk's position in Korean linguistics can be defined as that of their translator, compiler, and publisher.5
Favorable Perception of Japan
Kim An-guk's perception of Japan was based on an objective and perspective-driven view, and he maintained a friendly outlook.6
During the reign of Jungjong, Kim An-guk served as Seonwisa (宣慰使, envoy for welcoming foreign envoys). Although he never personally visited Japan, through continuous contact with envoys who came to present tribute, he was recognized in Joseon as an expert on Japan. He was in charge of receiving various Japanese sasung (使僧, envoy monks), and his open and friendly perception of Japan is clearly seen in his exchanges with Bung-jung (弸中) and Ansim Dongdang (安心東堂).
In April 1542 (37th year of Jungjong), the Japanese Ansim Dongdang came to present tribute bearing 80,000 nyang of silver. At that time, silver was an item whose trade was forbidden in Joseon, and this led to a tense standoff between the two countries. Joseon insisted that it would trade only in necessary goods excluding silver, whereas Japan took the position that if the silver was not accepted, it would take all trade goods back home. Among the Joseon officials who raised sharply opposing arguments on this issue, Kim An-guk took the position that, out of consideration for the goodwill offered, at least part of the silver brought should be accepted.
Joseon adopted the Chinese-centered diplomatic policy of Ming China, establishing a relationship of serving the great (事大) with China and a relationship of good-neighborly relations (交隣) with Japan. However, relations with Japan were only nominally equal and friendly, and most literati of the time viewed Japan based on the traditional Sino-centric view of civilization (華夷觀), and therefore felt a relative sense of superiority over it. In contrast, Kim An-guk did not regard Japan as a land of barbarians to be civilized, but recognized it as a neighboring country in an equal relationship. He warned against the literati of the time who held a view disparaging Japan based on preconceptions, and emphasized that good-neighborly relations should be maintained with Japan on a friendly basis and that proper courtesy should be shown to Japan. His resolute sense of duty as an official, who stressed that unnecessary disturbances in mutual trade between the two countries were of no benefit, is also evident here. Kim An-guk, who recognized Japan from an objective and open perspective unlike his contemporaries, was thereby subjected to harsh criticism on this matter, despite the generally positive evaluation of him in the Veritable Records.
8th day of 8th lunar month, 9th year of Seongjong (1478): born
15th year of Seongjong: at age 7, began studying the Sohak (小學)
At ages 12 and 13, read the classics (經書) and histories (史書) and grasped their great meaning
At ages 15 and 16, admired the learning of Cheng and Zhu (程朱) and wrote the Daeyubu (大遊賦)
25th year of Seongjong: at age 17, mourning for his father (外艱) following the death of Kim Ryeon (金璉)
2nd year of Yeonsangun: at age 19, mourning for his mother (內艱) following the death of Lady Yangcheon Heo (陽川 許氏); personally carved the tombstone inscription (碣文)
7th year of Yeonsangun (1501): ranked first in the jinsa examination and first in the saengwon examination
9th year of Yeonsangun (1503): ranked second in the special munkwa examination, appointed as Acting Assistant Corrector at the Seungmunwon (承文院權知副正字), granted the Tongsarang rank, and soon became Corrector (正字)
10th year of Yeonsangun (1504): promoted to Chujangnang (著作郞), then transferred to Seungjeongwon Jusa (承政院注士), concurrently serving as recording official of the Chunchugwan (春秋館記事官); appointed Bakssa of the Hongmungwan (弘文館博士) and concurrently Sutra Sagyeong of the Gyeongyeon (經筵司經), with Mugongrang rank; promoted to Vice Compiler (副修撰), concurrently serving as Gyeongyeon Reviewing Official (經筵檢討官); later resigned
1st year of Jungjong (1506): recruited as deputy to the envoy to welcome Chinese envoy Seo Mok-gil (徐穆吉). Became Hobunwi Sagwa (虎賁衛司果) concurrently serving as Jijegyo (知製敎), with Byeongjeolrang rank. Appointed Seungmunwon Gyeomgeom (承文院校檢), concurrently serving as Sisangwon Sasu (侍講院司書). Became Assistant Professor of the Hongmungwan (弘文館副敎理) with Seongyo-rang rank
2nd year of Jungjong (1507): promoted to Bonghun-daebu (奉訓大夫), concurrently serving as Seungmunwon Gyori (承文院校理). Passed the jungsi examination with Bongjik-daebu (奉直大夫) rank. While serving as Jipyeong of the Saheonbu, requested at the Gyeongyeon that customs and moral education be promoted, to restore the Three Bonds (三綱) that had been corrupted under Yeonsangun
3rd year of Jungjong (1508): transferred as Jeongnang of the Yejo (禮曹正郞), with Jobong-daebu (朝奉大夫) rank
4th year of Jungjong (1509): became Jangnyeong of the Saheonbu and Hobunwi Hogun (虎賁衛護軍). Became Jikgang of the Seonggyungwan (成均館直講), passed through Cheomjeong of the Sadosa (司導寺僉正), and was transferred to Sayae of the Seonggyungwan (成均館司藝), with Josan-daebu (朝散大夫) rank
5th year of Jungjong (1510): Buljeong of the Naejasa (內資寺副正) and Sungsa of the Seonggyungwan (成均館司成)
6th year of Jungjong (1511): promoted to Bonglyeol-daebu (奉列大夫); became Seonwisa for the Japanese envoy Bung-jung (弸中). 7th year of Jungjong (1512): promoted to Bongjeong-daebu (奉正大夫); again became Seonwisa for the Japanese envoy Bung-jung
8th year of Jungjong (1513): promoted to Jeong of the Naejasa (內資寺正)
9th year of Jungjong (1514): by royal order, went to Gaeseong to revise the measurement of the royal field (籍田); fixed the boundaries of land surveying
10th year of Jungjong (1515): Pangyo of the Seungmunwon (承文院判校); strictly enforced the method of training Chinese clerks in reading in Korean (漢吏訓讀習法); Tongjeong-daebu (通政大夫); Ye (禮) and Jo Chamui (曹參議) Sa-sok (司誎) Won-dae-sa-sok (院大司誎); Cheomji Jungchubu-sa (僉知中樞府事)
11th year of Jungjong (1516): Dong-bu Seungji of the Seungjeongwon (承政院同副承旨) and Right Deputy Seungji (右部承旨); submitted a memorial on the succession of Nosangun (魯山君) and Yeonsangun (燕山君)
12th year of Jungjong (1517): Left Deputy Seungji (左副承旨); granted Gaseon-daebu (嘉善大夫) rank; appointed Governor of Gyeongsang Province (慶尙道觀察使), concurrently serving as Commander of Military and Naval Forces (兵馬水軍節度使)
13th year of Jungjong (1518): Dongji Jungchubu-sa (同知中樞府事) and Deputy Envoy for Expressing Gratitude (謝恩副使), traveled to China and returned; granted Jahon-daebu (資憲大夫) rank; concurrently served as Minister of Works (工曹判書), Jigyeongyeon (知經筵), and Dongji of the Seonggyungwan (同知成均館事)
14th year of Jungjong (1519): Jicheom-chubu-sa (知中樞府事); concurrently Governor of Jeolla Province (全羅道觀察使) and Commander of Military and Naval Forces; taught Kim In-hu (金麟厚), later enshrined in the Munmyo, praising him as "my little friend" and "a man of the three dynasties." Returned to Seoul and concurrently served as Right Chamchan of the Uijeongbu (議政府右參贊) and Jehak of the Hongmungwan (弘文館提學)
14th year of Jungjong (1519), 11th month: Jo Gwang-jo and others were falsely accused and suffered; Gimyo Purge. He too was dismissed and retired to Jujon (注村) in Icheon (利川), Gyeonggi Province (dismissed from the 14th year of Jungjong to the 32nd year)
23rd year of Jungjong (1528): moved to Yeoju, Gyeonggi Province
32nd year of Jungjong (1537): reappointed as Sanghogun (上護軍), concurrently Dongji of the Seonggyungwan
33rd year of Jungjong (1538): Dongji Dongnyeongbu-sa (同知敦寧府事), concurrently Dong Seon-gyungwan-sa (同成均館事), Jicheom-chubu-ji-sa (知中樞府知事), Minister of Rites (禮曹判書), Right Chamchan (右參贊), Jehak of the Yemungwan (藝文館提學), and Left Chamchan (左參贊)
34th year of Jungjong (1539): Seonwisa (接待使) for the Ming envoy Seol Jeong-chong (薛廷寵); Jicheom-chubu-sa (知中樞府事), concurrently Dochongbu Dochonggwan (都總府都摠管), and Left Chamchan (左參贊)
35th year of Jungjong (1540): concurrently Left Guest of the Crown Prince (世子左賓客), Minister of Rites (禮曹判書), Grand Censor (大司憲), Jicheom-chubu-sa (知中樞府事), Pan-jicheom-chubu-sa (判中樞府事), Mayor of Hanseong (漢城府判尹), Left Chamchan (左參贊), Right Chanseong (右贊成), Grand Academician of the Hongmungwan (弘文館大提學), Grand Academician of the Yemungwan (藝文館大提學), and Left Chanseong as Tutor to the Crown Prince (世子貳師左贊成)
36th year of Jungjong (1541): Minister of War (兵曹判書), Pan-dongnyeongbu-sa (判敦寧府事), and Minister of Rites (禮曹判書) reappointed
37th year of Jungjong (1542): Tutor to the Crown Prince (世子貳師), concurrently Dochongwan of the Oewi Dochongbu (五衛都摠府都摠管), Minister of Rites (禮曹判書), Jicheom-chubu-sa (知中樞府事), Pan-jicheom-chubu-sa (判中樞府事), and Dochong-gwan (都摠管); resigned
38th year of Jungjong (1543): died on the 4th day of the 1st lunar month; buried on the 29th day of the 3rd month in the side of the original family graves facing 丑 (丑坐) at Haechon-ri, Dongmyeon, Jangdan County
Notes
This article includes content based on the Global World Encyclopedia distributed under the GFDL or CC-SA license by Daum Communications (now Kakao).
Footnotes
Gukyeok Gukjo Inmul-go. Sejong Daewang Memorial Project Association. December 30, 1999. Confirmed January 3, 2016. ↩
“Kim An-guk”. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Confirmed January 3, 2016. ↩
Kang, Jung-gi (2004). Gyeongse-ron and Buddhist Critique in Early Joseon. Seoul National University Institute of Philosophy and Thought. pp. 199–200. ISBN 89-91280-17-X. ↩