Sim Su-gyeong (沈守慶, December 20, 1516 – April 20, intercalary, 1599) was a Joseon scholar-official. His family seat was Pungsan. His courtesy name was Huian (希安), and his pen name was Cheongcheondang (聽天堂). He was the grandson of Sim Jeong (沈貞), Left State Councillor and Prince Hwacheon (花川府院君).
Born~Died 1516 ~ 1599Last edited Oct 15, 2026, 2:51 PM
Sim Su-gyeong (沈守慶, December 20, 1516 – April 20, intercalary, 1599) was a scholar-official of Joseon. His family seat was Pungsan. His courtesy name was Huian (希安), and his pen name was Cheongcheondang (聽天堂). He was the grandson of Sim Jeong (沈貞), Left State Councillor and Prince Hwacheon (花川府院君).
After passing the Mungwa examination, he rose to Right State Councillor and Chief Councillor of the Central Adviser Office (영중추부사). As a civil official, he was selected for the Hodang (Sagadokseo) and as a Jije-gyo, and he gained fame for his literary skill. He was also a military official of the kind selected for the posts of Gyeom Seonjeongwan, Military Inspector (순찰사), Jongsagwan, Bibyeonsa Nangcheong and Jejo, and Provincial Military Commander (병마절도사). During the Imjin War, he took personal responsibility for failing to accompany King Seonjo on his flight and, though in his eighties, gathered a militia to resist the Japanese invaders. He was renowned as one of the Cheongbaek-ri (淸白吏, "incorruptible officials") and as a poet, and he also took several gisaeng as concubines.
Life
Family background and early life
During the reign of Jungjong, he was the grandson of Sim Jeong, Prince Hwacheon, who served as Left State Councillor, and the son of Sim Sa-son (沈思遜), who served as Director of the Hongmun-gwan (弘文館 直提學) and as Chief Garrison Commander of Manpojin (萬浦鎭 僉節制使, senior 3rd rank). His mother was the daughter of Chamui Yi Ye-jang (李禮長).
His grandfather Sim Jeong took part in the Jungjong Restoration as a meritorious subject, and together with Nam Gon and others he instigated the Gimyo Purge, which eliminated Jo Gwang-jo and others.1 Because of this, he was severely criticized by the Sarim, yet Sim Su-gyeong gained public trust as if to wash away his grandfather's faults. Fortunately, he was not implicated because of his grandfather and was able to enter public service.
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At age 13, his father Sim Sa-son was killed by the Jurchen while serving as Commander of Manpo. At age 17, his grandfather Sim Jeong was executed, and he grew up in hardship under his widowed mother. His mother Yi took great care in her son's education, and according to his second son Sim Il-chwi, "through education he rose to fame and achieved high position so that he could support his mother in comfort."
Official career
In 1546 (1st year of Myeongjong), he passed the regular Mungwa examination as top graduate and was granted Sagadokseo (賜暇讀書). Afterward he passed through the Hodang and served as Director of the Hongmun-gwan, among other posts. In 1550 (5th year of Myeongjong), while serving as Junior Secretary of the Ijo and Chunchu Gisagwan, he took part in compiling the Veritable Records of Jungjong and the Veritable Records of Injong. In the same year, after serving as Junjo of the Ijo, he was appointed Geomsang (檢詳) of the Uijeongbu in 1551, and afterward he successively served as Vice Director (부응교), Director (응교), Jeonhan, and Director of the Hongmun-gwan.
In 1562, while serving as Governor of Gyeonggi Province, during the relocation of the tomb of King Jungjong, when the king's great palanquin (대여) crossed the Han River, he was impeached and dismissed from office for failing to set up a temporary bridge (선창) for the palanquin to cross the Han River. He was later reinstated and served successively as Daesaheon, Daesaseong, and Governor of the Eight Provinces, and he was recorded among the Cheongbaek-ri.
In 1574 (7th year of Seonjo) he became Hanseong Mayor (한성부 판윤) and Hyeongjo Panseo. In 1583 (16th year of Seonjo) he became Byeongjo Panseo, and in 1590 he became Right State Councillor, after which he soon entered the Giroso (耆老所). He always harbored a wish to withdraw from office, and after age 70 he repeatedly requested to resign; when his requests were not granted, he either skipped or refused court service and spent his old age writing poetry, drinking, and enjoying archery and go with village elders. Only at age 81 was his resignation finally accepted, and he left office and retired to Gwacheon in Gyeonggi Province.
Before and after the Imjin War
When the Imjin War broke out in 1592, he rushed to Hanseong-bu to accompany the king, but the royal procession had already fled to the northwest. He publicly issued a written self-reproach for failing to serve the king, then raised a righteous army and devoted himself to recruiting militia. Upon hearing of this, Seonjo specially appointed him Samdo Dochelsa (三道都體察使), and he gathered and commanded the militia. He rose to the rank of Right State Councillor. After the war ended, while in retirement, he atoned for his failure to accompany the king during the Imjin War by calling himself the Geonuidaejang (建義大將), and he suppressed Japanese invaders who had infiltrated the coastal areas. He excelled in poetry, prose, and calligraphy.
Retirement and death
In 1598, at the age of 80, he left public life with the post of Chief Councillor of the Central Adviser Office as his last, and he spent his final years in Gwacheon. In 1599 he was specially appointed Chief Councillor of the Central Adviser Office.
Chief Councillor of the Central Adviser Office Sim Su-gyeong has retired to live in Gwacheon after resigning from office. Since he is poor and cannot support himself, let the Governor of Gyeonggi arrange for monthly provisions (朔料) to be sent to him.1
When Seonjo heard that Sim Su-gyeong was living in poverty, he specially issued an order to pay him a stipend.3
He often told his children, as a habit of speech, "Undeservedly, I have served in first-rank office, so a stele should be erected for me; but when I look back, there is nothing worth recording, so do not do it." Later, his second son Sim Il-chwi (沈日就) briefly recorded his official career on his tombstone. He died of illness on April 20, intercalary, of the 31st year of Seonjo (1599). At the time of his death, he was 83 years old.
Sim Su-gyeong (沈守慶), who had retired as former Left State Councillor of the Uijeongbu, passed away.
— Veritable Records of Seonjo, 32nd year (1599), intercalary 4th month, 25th day, 4th article
Posthumous
His writings include the Cheongcheondang Sijip (《청천당 시집》), Cheongcheon Yuhanlok (《청천 유한록》), Gyeonhan Japrok (《견한잡록》), Sangje Jabui (《상제잡의》), and Gwijeon Changsu (《귀전창수》). Among these, Gyeonhan Japrok is a widely known book. His works include the epitaph inscription for the spirit path stele of Sim Gang, Lord Cheongneung and the maternal father of Queen Insun. According to his second son Sim Il-chwi, he always told his children during his lifetime, "Undeservedly, I have held a first-rank post, so a spirit path stele should be erected for me; but when I look back, there is nothing worth recording, so do not do it." Therefore, after his death his descendants briefly recorded him on a stone stele (碣石), it is said.
On July 25, 1599, he was buried together with Lady Sin in a double grave on the ancestral mountain at Gaehwa-ri, Seomyeon, Yangcheon-hyeon. After his death, his son Sim Il-chwi, instead of a spirit path stele, erected a tombstone with a brief record of his career, using the tombstone that he had written himself during his lifetime.
Family
In his later years he had two sons by a gisaeng concubine: at age 75 he had Sim Il-jun (沈日遵), and at age 81 he had Sim Il-un (沈日運). Their ages were similar to those of Sim Ro (沈𢋡, 1590–1664), the first great-grandson of his legitimate wife, who was born during Sim Su-gyeong's lifetime. This became known to the outside world because, as a joke in Gyeonhan Japrok, he sent poems to his friends Seogyo Song Chan (西郊 宋贊) and Jukgye An Han (竹溪 安翰), and both of them sent poems in reply.
Great-great-grandfather: Sim Gwi-ryeong (沈龜齡) — Jwamyeong Gongsin (佐命功臣), Prince Pungcheon (豐川君), Left Commander-in-Chief of the Uiheung Samgunbu (義興三軍府 左軍 都總制), Magistrate of Uiheung (知義興府事), posthumous name Jeongyang (靖襄)
Great-grandfather: Sim Chi (沈寘) — Magistrate of Namwon, posthumously Minister of Revenue (贈戶曹判書)
Grandfather of his father: Sim Eung (沈膺) — Jeokgae Gongsin (敵愾功臣), Bong Jo-ha (奉朝賀), posthumously Chief State Councillor (贈領議政), Prince Pungsan (豊山府院君), posthumous name Yanghu (襄胡)
Grandfather: Sim Jeong (沈貞) — Jeonggukgong Gongsin (靖國功臣), Prince Hwacheon (花川府院君), Left State Councillor, posthumous name Munjeong (文靖)
Uncle: Sim Sa-sun (沈思順) — Deputy Director of the Hongmun-gwan
Father: Sim Sa-son (沈思孫) — Director of the Hongmun-gwan, Chief Garrison Commander of Manpojin, posthumously Chief State Councillor
Son-in-law of granddaughter: Kim Se-geol (金世傑) — Gyosu of Hyeminseo
Concubine: Name unknown, secondary concubine (비첩)
Son by concubine: Sim Il-jun (沈日遵, 1590–1659) — Magistrate of Indong
Son by concubine: Sim Il-un (沈日運, 1596 – ?) — Magistrate of Haemi
Father-in-law: Sin Pa (申坡)
Maternal grandfather: Yi Ye-jang (李禮長)
Works
Writings
Cheongcheondang Sijip (《청천당 시집》)
Cheongcheon Yuhanlok (《청천 유한록》)
Gyeonhan Japrok (《견한잡록》)
Sangje Jabui (《상제잡의》)
Gwijeon Changsu (《귀전창수》)
Works of writing
Epitaph inscription for the spirit path stele of Sim Gang (심강신도비문)
Evaluation
He was the grandson of Sim Jeong, who was the central figure in the Gimyo Purge, in which many scholars of the Jungjong era were put to death. Because, at a time when the Sarim had come to power, he knew of the faults of his ancestors, who had purged the Sarim's founder Jo Gwang-jo and others, he felt shame, guarded his conduct, and was cautious, and therefore he was able to hold a wide range of prestigious posts. However, his conduct with several gisaeng is subject to debate.
Miscellaneous
Sim Su-gyeong was fortunate in his official career, and he was rare in having served as Governor of all Eight Provinces, and he also served as Right State Councillor, among other posts.3
Gisaeng concubine and elegiac poem
In 1560 (15th year of Myeongjong), Sim Su-gyeong became Governor of Jeolla Province, and in the spring of the following year, while recuperating from illness in Jeonju, he lived with the gisaeng Geumgae. He tried to take Geumgae as a concubine, but suddenly the affairs of court became busy, and he had no time to attend to taking a concubine.4
In 1563, when he became Governor of Gyeonggi, Sim Su-gyeong suddenly thought of Mak-jong. When he asked after her in Seongju, he was told that she had been selected for the capital. When Sim Su-gyeong returned to court, Mak-jong went back to Seongju. Sim Su-gyeong lamented that their paths crossed like wild geese and swallows. Some time later, he heard the news that Mak-jong had died of illness, and he wrote and sent a poem to her.4
Old, I no longer have the heart to write the Ode to the Goddess of the Luo River / 老去無心賦洛神
Over the waves, I cannot see the dust raised by her socks / 凌波不見襪生塵
I recall her bearing when we first met, / 當年만憶初呈態
Today I was suddenly startled to hear of her passing / 此日驚聞忽化身
The dream of our union of clouds and rain is faint now, / 暮雨朝雲迷舊夢
To whom did she give her dancing sleeves and singing fan? / 舞衫歌扇付何人
From this time, the splendor of Seongsan has diminished, / 星山自此繁華減
And only guests sit in the desolate Imbunglu pavilion. / 寂寞風座上賓4
Criticism of discrimination against secondary-born sons
He advocated easing the discrimination against secondary-born sons. In his own book Gyeonhan Japrok, he left the following statement: "Under the national law, secondary-born sons are restricted from taking the civil service examination, but this was not something that existed in ancient times. I do not know what the original purpose of establishing such a law was. Recently there have been several proposals to open the path to office, but in the end they have not been carried out. I also do not know the reason for this."
He also had exchanges with Gwon Eung-in (權應仁, 1517 – 1587?/1588?), who was himself of secondary birth, and he left an anecdote about him in his book Gyeonhan Japrok.
References
This article includes content based on the Global World Encyclopedia distributed by Daum Communications (now Kakao) under the GFDL or CC-SA license.
Footnotes
Footnotes
Lee Su-gwang, Joseon-eul Ddeundeulin 16-in-ui Gisaengdeul (Dasan Chodang, 2009), p. 264 ↩↩2↩3
Veritable Records of Myeongjong, 13th year (1558), 10th month, 13th day, 1st article ↩
Lee Su-gwang, Joseon-eul Ddeundeulin 16-in-ui Gisaengdeul (Dasan Chodang, 2009), p. 265 ↩↩2
Lee Su-gwang, Joseon-eul Ddeundeulin 16-in-ui Gisaengdeul (Dasan Chodang, 2009), p. 266 ↩↩2↩3
Sim Su-gyeong (沈守慶, December 20, 1516 – April 20, intercalary, 1599) was a scholar-official of Joseon. His family seat was Pungsan. His courtesy name was Huian (希安), and his pen name was Cheongcheondang (聽天堂). He was the grandson of Sim Jeong (沈貞), Left State Councillor and Prince Hwacheon (花川府院君).
After passing the Mungwa examination, he rose to Right State Councillor and Chief Councillor of the Central Adviser Office (영중추부사). As a civil official, he was selected for the Hodang (Sagadokseo) and as a Jije-gyo, and he gained fame for his literary skill. He was also a military official of the kind selected for the posts of Gyeom Seonjeongwan, Military Inspector (순찰사), Jongsagwan, Bibyeonsa Nangcheong and Jejo, and Provincial Military Commander (병마절도사). During the Imjin War, he took personal responsibility for failing to accompany King Seonjo on his flight and, though in his eighties, gathered a militia to resist the Japanese invaders. He was renowned as one of the Cheongbaek-ri (淸白吏, "incorruptible officials") and as a poet, and he also took several gisaeng as concubines.
Life
Family background and early life
During the reign of Jungjong, he was the grandson of Sim Jeong, Prince Hwacheon, who served as Left State Councillor, and the son of Sim Sa-son (沈思遜), who served as Director of the Hongmun-gwan (弘文館 直提學) and as Chief Garrison Commander of Manpojin (萬浦鎭 僉節制使, senior 3rd rank). His mother was the daughter of Chamui Yi Ye-jang (李禮長).
His grandfather Sim Jeong took part in the Jungjong Restoration as a meritorious subject, and together with Nam Gon and others he instigated the Gimyo Purge, which eliminated Jo Gwang-jo and others. Because of this, he was severely criticized by the , yet Sim Su-gyeong gained public trust as if to wash away his grandfather's faults. Fortunately, he was not implicated because of his grandfather and was able to enter public service.
At age 13, his father Sim Sa-son was killed by the Jurchen while serving as Commander of Manpo. At age 17, his grandfather Sim Jeong was executed, and he grew up in hardship under his widowed mother. His mother Yi took great care in her son's education, and according to his second son Sim Il-chwi, "through education he rose to fame and achieved high position so that he could support his mother in comfort."
Official career
In 1546 (1st year of Myeongjong), he passed the regular Mungwa examination as top graduate and was granted Sagadokseo (賜暇讀書). Afterward he passed through the Hodang and served as Director of the Hongmun-gwan, among other posts. In 1550 (5th year of Myeongjong), while serving as Junior Secretary of the Ijo and Chunchu Gisagwan, he took part in compiling the Veritable Records of Jungjong and the Veritable Records of Injong. In the same year, after serving as Junjo of the Ijo, he was appointed Geomsang (檢詳) of the Uijeongbu in 1551, and afterward he successively served as Vice Director (부응교), Director (응교), Jeonhan, and Director of the Hongmun-gwan.
In 1562, while serving as Governor of Gyeonggi Province, during the relocation of the tomb of King Jungjong, when the king's great palanquin (대여) crossed the Han River, he was impeached and dismissed from office for failing to set up a temporary bridge (선창) for the palanquin to cross the Han River. He was later reinstated and served successively as Daesaheon, Daesaseong, and Governor of the Eight Provinces, and he was recorded among the Cheongbaek-ri.
In 1574 (7th year of Seonjo) he became Hanseong Mayor (한성부 판윤) and Hyeongjo Panseo. In 1583 (16th year of Seonjo) he became Byeongjo Panseo, and in 1590 he became Right State Councillor, after which he soon entered the Giroso (耆老所). He always harbored a wish to withdraw from office, and after age 70 he repeatedly requested to resign; when his requests were not granted, he either skipped or refused court service and spent his old age writing poetry, drinking, and enjoying archery and go with village elders. Only at age 81 was his resignation finally accepted, and he left office and retired to Gwacheon in Gyeonggi Province.
Before and after the Imjin War
When the Imjin War broke out in 1592, he rushed to Hanseong-bu to accompany the king, but the royal procession had already fled to the northwest. He publicly issued a written self-reproach for failing to serve the king, then raised a righteous army and devoted himself to recruiting militia. Upon hearing of this, Seonjo specially appointed him Samdo Dochelsa (三道都體察使), and he gathered and commanded the militia. He rose to the rank of Right State Councillor. After the war ended, while in retirement, he atoned for his failure to accompany the king during the Imjin War by calling himself the Geonuidaejang (建義大將), and he suppressed Japanese invaders who had infiltrated the coastal areas. He excelled in poetry, prose, and calligraphy.
Retirement and death
In 1598, at the age of 80, he left public life with the post of Chief Councillor of the Central Adviser Office as his last, and he spent his final years in Gwacheon. In 1599 he was specially appointed Chief Councillor of the Central Adviser Office.
Chief Councillor of the Central Adviser Office Sim Su-gyeong has retired to live in Gwacheon after resigning from office. Since he is poor and cannot support himself, let the Governor of Gyeonggi arrange for monthly provisions (朔料) to be sent to him.1
When Seonjo heard that Sim Su-gyeong was living in poverty, he specially issued an order to pay him a stipend.3
He often told his children, as a habit of speech, "Undeservedly, I have served in first-rank office, so a stele should be erected for me; but when I look back, there is nothing worth recording, so do not do it." Later, his second son Sim Il-chwi (沈日就) briefly recorded his official career on his tombstone. He died of illness on April 20, intercalary, of the 31st year of Seonjo (1599). At the time of his death, he was 83 years old.
Sim Su-gyeong (沈守慶), who had retired as former Left State Councillor of the Uijeongbu, passed away.
— Veritable Records of Seonjo, 32nd year (1599), intercalary 4th month, 25th day, 4th article
Posthumous
His writings include the Cheongcheondang Sijip (《청천당 시집》), Cheongcheon Yuhanlok (《청천 유한록》), Gyeonhan Japrok (《견한잡록》), Sangje Jabui (《상제잡의》), and Gwijeon Changsu (《귀전창수》). Among these, Gyeonhan Japrok is a widely known book. His works include the epitaph inscription for the spirit path stele of Sim Gang, Lord Cheongneung and the maternal father of Queen Insun. According to his second son Sim Il-chwi, he always told his children during his lifetime, "Undeservedly, I have held a first-rank post, so a spirit path stele should be erected for me; but when I look back, there is nothing worth recording, so do not do it." Therefore, after his death his descendants briefly recorded him on a stone stele (碣石), it is said.
On July 25, 1599, he was buried together with Lady Sin in a double grave on the ancestral mountain at Gaehwa-ri, Seomyeon, Yangcheon-hyeon. After his death, his son Sim Il-chwi, instead of a spirit path stele, erected a tombstone with a brief record of his career, using the tombstone that he had written himself during his lifetime.
Family
In his later years he had two sons by a gisaeng concubine: at age 75 he had Sim Il-jun (沈日遵), and at age 81 he had Sim Il-un (沈日運). Their ages were similar to those of Sim Ro (沈𢋡, 1590–1664), the first great-grandson of his legitimate wife, who was born during Sim Su-gyeong's lifetime. This became known to the outside world because, as a joke in Gyeonhan Japrok, he sent poems to his friends Seogyo Song Chan (西郊 宋贊) and Jukgye An Han (竹溪 安翰), and both of them sent poems in reply.
Great-great-grandfather: Sim Gwi-ryeong (沈龜齡) — Jwamyeong Gongsin (佐命功臣), Prince Pungcheon (豐川君), Left Commander-in-Chief of the Uiheung Samgunbu (義興三軍府 左軍 都總制), Magistrate of Uiheung (知義興府事), posthumous name Jeongyang (靖襄)
Great-grandfather: Sim Chi (沈寘) — Magistrate of Namwon, posthumously Minister of Revenue (贈戶曹判書)
Grandfather of his father: Sim Eung (沈膺) — Jeokgae Gongsin (敵愾功臣), Bong Jo-ha (奉朝賀), posthumously Chief State Councillor (贈領議政), Prince Pungsan (豊山府院君), posthumous name Yanghu (襄胡)
Grandfather: Sim Jeong (沈貞) — Jeonggukgong Gongsin (靖國功臣), Prince Hwacheon (花川府院君), Left State Councillor, posthumous name Munjeong (文靖)
Uncle: Sim Sa-sun (沈思順) — Deputy Director of the Hongmun-gwan
Father: Sim Sa-son (沈思孫) — Director of the Hongmun-gwan, Chief Garrison Commander of Manpojin, posthumously Chief State Councillor
Son-in-law of granddaughter: Kim Se-geol (金世傑) — Gyosu of Hyeminseo
Concubine: Name unknown, secondary concubine (비첩)
Son by concubine: Sim Il-jun (沈日遵, 1590–1659) — Magistrate of Indong
Son by concubine: Sim Il-un (沈日運, 1596 – ?) — Magistrate of Haemi
Father-in-law: Sin Pa (申坡)
Maternal grandfather: Yi Ye-jang (李禮長)
Works
Writings
Cheongcheondang Sijip (《청천당 시집》)
Cheongcheon Yuhanlok (《청천 유한록》)
Gyeonhan Japrok (《견한잡록》)
Sangje Jabui (《상제잡의》)
Gwijeon Changsu (《귀전창수》)
Works of writing
Epitaph inscription for the spirit path stele of Sim Gang (심강신도비문)
Evaluation
He was the grandson of Sim Jeong, who was the central figure in the Gimyo Purge, in which many scholars of the Jungjong era were put to death. Because, at a time when the Sarim had come to power, he knew of the faults of his ancestors, who had purged the Sarim's founder Jo Gwang-jo and others, he felt shame, guarded his conduct, and was cautious, and therefore he was able to hold a wide range of prestigious posts. However, his conduct with several gisaeng is subject to debate.
Miscellaneous
Sim Su-gyeong was fortunate in his official career, and he was rare in having served as Governor of all Eight Provinces, and he also served as Right State Councillor, among other posts.3
Gisaeng concubine and elegiac poem
In 1560 (15th year of Myeongjong), Sim Su-gyeong became Governor of Jeolla Province, and in the spring of the following year, while recuperating from illness in Jeonju, he lived with the gisaeng Geumgae. He tried to take Geumgae as a concubine, but suddenly the affairs of court became busy, and he had no time to attend to taking a concubine.4
In 1563, when he became Governor of Gyeonggi, Sim Su-gyeong suddenly thought of Mak-jong. When he asked after her in Seongju, he was told that she had been selected for the capital. When Sim Su-gyeong returned to court, Mak-jong went back to Seongju. Sim Su-gyeong lamented that their paths crossed like wild geese and swallows. Some time later, he heard the news that Mak-jong had died of illness, and he wrote and sent a poem to her.4
Old, I no longer have the heart to write the Ode to the Goddess of the Luo River / 老去無心賦洛神
Over the waves, I cannot see the dust raised by her socks / 凌波不見襪生塵
I recall her bearing when we first met, / 當年만憶初呈態
Today I was suddenly startled to hear of her passing / 此日驚聞忽化身
The dream of our union of clouds and rain is faint now, / 暮雨朝雲迷舊夢
To whom did she give her dancing sleeves and singing fan? / 舞衫歌扇付何人
From this time, the splendor of Seongsan has diminished, / 星山自此繁華減
And only guests sit in the desolate Imbunglu pavilion. / 寂寞風座上賓4
Criticism of discrimination against secondary-born sons
He advocated easing the discrimination against secondary-born sons. In his own book Gyeonhan Japrok, he left the following statement: "Under the national law, secondary-born sons are restricted from taking the civil service examination, but this was not something that existed in ancient times. I do not know what the original purpose of establishing such a law was. Recently there have been several proposals to open the path to office, but in the end they have not been carried out. I also do not know the reason for this."
He also had exchanges with Gwon Eung-in (權應仁, 1517 – 1587?/1588?), who was himself of secondary birth, and he left an anecdote about him in his book Gyeonhan Japrok.
References
This article includes content based on the Global World Encyclopedia distributed by Daum Communications (now Kakao) under the GFDL or CC-SA license.
Footnotes
Footnotes
Lee Su-gwang, Joseon-eul Ddeundeulin 16-in-ui Gisaengdeul (Dasan Chodang, 2009), p. 264 ↩↩2↩3
Veritable Records of Myeongjong, 13th year (1558), 10th month, 13th day, 1st article ↩
Lee Su-gwang, Joseon-eul Ddeundeulin 16-in-ui Gisaengdeul (Dasan Chodang, 2009), p. 265 ↩↩2
Lee Su-gwang, Joseon-eul Ddeundeulin 16-in-ui Gisaengdeul (Dasan Chodang, 2009), p. 266 ↩↩2↩3