EventPolitics

Saur Revolution

The Saur Revolution, also known as the April Revolution or the April Coup, was a violent coup d'état and uprising staged on 27 and 28 April 1978 by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), which overthrew Afghan president Mohammad Daoud Khan, who had himself taken power in the 1973 Af…

Start~End Apr 27, 1978 ~ Apr 28, 19780 views in 30 daysLast edited Oct 15, 2026, 2:44 PM

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Details

Start ~ End: Apr 27, 1978 ~ Apr 28, 1978
Date: 27–28 April 1978, (1 day)
Location: Afghanistan34°31′31″N 69°10′42″E
Result: PDPA victory Overthrow and execution of Mohammad Daoud Khan and his family Purging of Daoud's supporters from the government Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Eventual Soviet military intervention
Location: 34.5253, 69.1783

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Contents

1.Background
2.Uprising
2.1.Execution of Daoud and government purge
2.2.Speculated Soviet involvement
3.Aftermath and PDPA government
3.1.Economic reforms
3.2.Women's rights
4.Repression and rising tensions: 1978–1979
4.1.Crackdown on the Barakzai royal family
5.Armed resistance
6.Reception
7.Notes

The Saur Revolution,¹² also known as the April Revolution³ or the April Coup,¹ was a violent coup d'état and uprising staged on 27 and 28 April 1978⁴ by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), which overthrew Afghan president Mohammad Daoud Khan, who had himself taken power in the 1973 Afghan coup d'état and established an autocratic one-party system in the country. Daoud and most of his family were executed at the Arg presidential palace in the capital city of Kabul by Khalqist (a PDPA faction) military officers, after which his supporters were also purged and killed.⁵ The successful PDPA uprising resulted in the creation of a socialist Afghan government that was closely aligned with the Soviet Union, with Nur Muhammad Taraki serving as the PDPA's General Secretary of the Revolutionary Council. Saur (also rendered Sowr) is the Dari-language name for the second month of the Solar Hijri calendar, during which the events took place.

This page is based on “Saur Revolution” from English Wikipedia, (r1370730356) CC BY-SA 4.0 used under the license. The original authors are listed in its page history.

Last edited Oct 15, 2026, 2:44 PM · r72139 · Text is available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

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"Towards Equality: How Afghan women conquer 27% share in parliament after decades of war | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ↩ ↩²
- Pashto: د ثور کودتا, romanized: Də Sawr kudetā, pronounced [də ˈsɐʊɾ kudeˈtɑ]; lit. 'Saur coup d'état' - Dari: انقلاب ثور, romanized: Inqilāb-i Sawr, cyrillized: Инқилоби Савр, pronounced [ʔɪɴqɪˈlɑːbɪ saʊɾ]
↩
"An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover". Afghanistan Analysts Network – English (in Pashto). 25 April 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ↩
Dari: ۷ ثور; lit. '7th Saur' ↩
"Mohammad Daud Khan". Afghanland.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018. ↩
Rubin, Barnett R. (2002). The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0-300-09519-7. ↩ ↩²
Afghan, Rehmatullah; Siddique, Abubakar (10 September 2020). "Afghanistan Still Facing Aftershocks Of 1978 Communist Coup". RFE/RL. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ↩
AP Archive (24 July 2015), Synd 6 6 78 Afghan Foreign Minister Hafizullah Press Conference on Recent Coup, archived from the original on 13 December 2021, retrieved 11 March 2018 – via YouTube ↩
Ewans, Martin (2002). Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics. New York: HarperCollins. p. 88. ISBN 0-06-050507-9. There was, therefore, little to hinder the assault mounted by the rebel 4th Armored Brigade, led by Major Mohammed Aslam Watanjar, who had also been prominent in Daoud's own coup five years before. Watanjar first secured the airport, where the other coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir, left by helicopter for the Bagram air base. There he took charge and organized air strikes on the royal palace, where Daoud and the presidential guard were conducting a desperate defense. Fighting continued the whole day and into the night, when the defenders were finally overwhelmed. Daoud and almost all of his family members, including women and children, died in the fighting. Altogether there were possibly as many as two thousand fatalities, both military and civilian. ↩
"An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover". 25 April 2018. ↩
"Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed". BBC News. 26 April 1998. Retrieved 12 March 2018. ↩
"Daoud's Republic". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 22 December 2013. ↩
Urban, Mark (27 July 2016). War in Afghanistan. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-20761-9. ↩ ↩²
Jalali, Ali Ahmad (17 March 2017). A Military History of Afghanistan: From the Great Game to the Global War on Terror. University Press of Kansas. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
Steele, Jonathan (2011). Ghosts of Afghanistan: The Haunted Battleground. Berkeley (CA): Counterpoint. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1-58243-787-3. ↩
Dupree, Louis (14 July 2014). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press. p. 771. ISBN 9781400858910. ↩ ↩²
bloomsbury.com. "Afghanistan at War". Bloomsbury. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2025. ↩
Ewans, Martin (2004). Conflict in Afghanistan: Studies in Asymmetric Warfare. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 9781134294817. ↩
Ansary, Tamim (2012). Games Without Rules: the often interrupted history of Afghanistan. New York: Public Affairs. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-61039-094-1. ↩
Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019). The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8701-7. ↩
Thompson, Larry Clinton. "The 1978 Revolution in Afghanistan". American Diplomacy. AFSA. Retrieved 5 September 2020. ↩
Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007). A Brief History of Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0819-3. ↩
Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019). The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8701-7. ↩
Husain, S. Irtiza (1983). "Review of Afghanistan under Soviet domination 1964-81; The Afghan Syndrome". Pakistan Horizon. 36 (4): 141–146. ISSN 0030-980X. JSTOR 41394206. ↩
Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019). The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8701-7. ↩
Urban, Mark (27 July 2016). War in Afghanistan. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-20761-9. ↩
"First radio announcement". Kabul Times. 4 May 1978. ↩
Gall, Carlotta (31 January 2009). "An Afghan Secret Revealed Brings End of an Era". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 November 2023. ↩
Ghaus, Abdul Samad (1988). The fall of Afghanistan: an insider's account. Washington: Pergamon-Brassey's Intern. Defense Publ. pp. 198–200. ISBN 978-0-08-034701-1. ↩ ↩²
Adamec, Ludwig W. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810878150. ↩
Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2006). The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World. London: Penguin Books. pp. 386–388. ISBN 978-0-14-197798-0. ↩ ↩²
Harrison, Selig S.; Cordovez, Diego (1995). Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-19-506294-9. ↩
Maley, William (2021). The Afghanistan Wars (3rd ed.). Red Globe Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-352-01100-5. ↩
Braithwaite, Rodric (2011). Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979–1989. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-19-983265-1. ↩
Westad, Odd Arne (2007). The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-521-70314-7. ↩
Zubok, Vladislav M. (2009). A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8078-5958-2. ↩
Dobbs, Michael (1998). Down with Big Brother: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York: Vintage Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-307-77316-6. ↩
Garthoff, Raymond L. (1994). Détente and Confrontation: American–Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 988. ISBN 0-8157-3041-1. ↩
Maley, William (2021). The Afghanistan Wars (3rd ed.). Red Globe Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-352-01100-5. ↩
Leake, Elisabeth (2022). Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780198846017. ↩
Afghanistan: The Wounded Land (TV Mini Series 2020) ⭐ 8.4 | Documentary, History. Retrieved 5 April 2024 – via m.imdb.com. ↩
Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019). The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8701-7. ↩
Edwards, David B. (2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-520-22861-8. ↩
Amstutz, J. B. (1 January 1986). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation (Report). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: Defense Technical Information Center. doi:10.21236/ada187795. ↩
Kakar, M. Hassan (1995). Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20893-5. ↩
Arnold, Anthony (1985). Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Perspective. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 74–75, 77, 83, 86. ISBN 978-0817982133. Retrieved 18 March 2018. ↩ ↩²
Clements, Frank (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 207. ISBN 978-1851094028. Retrieved 18 March 2018. ↩
Leake, Elisabeth (2022). Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-884601-7. ↩
Leake, Elisabeth (2022). Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-884601-7. ↩
Leake, Elisabeth (2022). Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. pp. 19, 44. ISBN 978-0-19-884601-7. ↩
Goodson, Larry P. (2001). Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-295-98050-8. ↩ ↩² ↩³
"The "Great Saur Revolution". Workers' Liberty. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ↩
"Afghanistan – Communism, Rebellion and Soviet Intervention". Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 18 March 2018. ↩
Kaplan, Robert D. (1990). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Knopf Doubleday. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0395521328. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
Gibbs, David N. (June 2006). "Reassessing Soviet Motives for Invading Afghanistan". Critical Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018. ↩
Prashad, Vijay (15 September 2001). "War Against the Planet". ZMag. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008. ↩
Klass, Rosanne (2017). "4: Genocide in Afghanistan 1978–1992". In W. Charny, Israel (ed.). The Widening Circle of Genocide: Genocide – A Critical Bibliographic Review Volume 3. New York: Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-56000-172-0. LCCN 93-46257. ↩
Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2005). The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-786-72217-4. ↩ ↩²
Frame, Tom (2022). Veiled Valour. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. ISBN 9781742237633. ↩ ↩²
Rubin, Barnett R. (2002). The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-300-09519-7. ↩
Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005). Revolution Unending. Afghanistan: 1979 to the Present. London: Hurst & Company. p. 96. ISBN 1-85065-703-3. ↩
D. Kaplan, Robert (2001). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Vintage Books. pp. 115, 116. ISBN 1-4000-3025-0. ↩
Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid (22 January 2020). "Afghanistan death lists – International crimes". Netherlands Prosecution Service. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ↩
D. Kaplan, Robert (2001). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Vintage Books. p. 115. ISBN 1-4000-3025-0. ↩ ↩²
"Afghanistan Fiasco – HistoryNet". historynet.com. 15 March 2017. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
Paul Hofmann (29 April 1979). "Afghan King, In Rome Exile, Tightens Belt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ↩
"Afghan "prince" who would be tribal president". Reuters. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ↩
"Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978-2001" (PDF). Afghanistan Justice Project. July 2005. ↩
Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Defense University. pp. 40–41. OCLC 612525712. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ↩
D. Kaplan, Robert (2001). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Vintage Books. p. 116. ISBN 1-4000-3025-0. ↩
Steele, Jonathan (2012). Ghosts of Afghanistan: The Haunted Battleground. Berkeley: Catapult. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-619-02057-3. ↩

"Towards Equality: How Afghan women conquer 27% share in parliament after decades of war | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ↩ ↩²
- Pashto: د ثور کودتا, romanized: Də Sawr kudetā, pronounced [də ˈsɐʊɾ kudeˈtɑ]; lit. 'Saur coup d'état' - Dari: انقلاب ثور, romanized: Inqilāb-i Sawr, cyrillized: Инқилоби Савр, pronounced [ʔɪɴqɪˈlɑːbɪ saʊɾ]
↩
"An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover". Afghanistan Analysts Network – English (in Pashto). 25 April 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ↩
Dari: ۷ ثور; lit. '7th Saur' ↩
"Mohammad Daud Khan". Afghanland.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2018. ↩
Rubin, Barnett R. (2002). The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0-300-09519-7. ↩ ↩²
Afghan, Rehmatullah; Siddique, Abubakar (10 September 2020). "Afghanistan Still Facing Aftershocks Of 1978 Communist Coup". RFE/RL. Retrieved 23 July 2023. ↩
AP Archive (24 July 2015), Synd 6 6 78 Afghan Foreign Minister Hafizullah Press Conference on Recent Coup, archived from the original on 13 December 2021, retrieved 11 March 2018 – via YouTube ↩
Ewans, Martin (2002). Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics. New York: HarperCollins. p. 88. ISBN 0-06-050507-9. There was, therefore, little to hinder the assault mounted by the rebel 4th Armored Brigade, led by Major Mohammed Aslam Watanjar, who had also been prominent in Daoud's own coup five years before. Watanjar first secured the airport, where the other coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir, left by helicopter for the Bagram air base. There he took charge and organized air strikes on the royal palace, where Daoud and the presidential guard were conducting a desperate defense. Fighting continued the whole day and into the night, when the defenders were finally overwhelmed. Daoud and almost all of his family members, including women and children, died in the fighting. Altogether there were possibly as many as two thousand fatalities, both military and civilian. ↩
"An April Day That Changed Afghanistan 1: Four decades after the leftist takeover". 25 April 2018. ↩
"Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed". BBC News. 26 April 1998. Retrieved 12 March 2018. ↩
"Daoud's Republic". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 22 December 2013. ↩
Urban, Mark (27 July 2016). War in Afghanistan. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-20761-9. ↩ ↩²
Jalali, Ali Ahmad (17 March 2017). A Military History of Afghanistan: From the Great Game to the Global War on Terror. University Press of Kansas. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
Steele, Jonathan (2011). Ghosts of Afghanistan: The Haunted Battleground. Berkeley (CA): Counterpoint. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1-58243-787-3. ↩
Dupree, Louis (14 July 2014). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press. p. 771. ISBN 9781400858910. ↩ ↩²
bloomsbury.com. "Afghanistan at War". Bloomsbury. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2025. ↩
Ewans, Martin (2004). Conflict in Afghanistan: Studies in Asymmetric Warfare. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 9781134294817. ↩
Ansary, Tamim (2012). Games Without Rules: the often interrupted history of Afghanistan. New York: Public Affairs. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-61039-094-1. ↩
Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019). The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8701-7. ↩
Thompson, Larry Clinton. "The 1978 Revolution in Afghanistan". American Diplomacy. AFSA. Retrieved 5 September 2020. ↩
Wahab, Shaista; Youngerman, Barry (2007). A Brief History of Afghanistan. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0819-3. ↩
Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019). The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8701-7. ↩
Husain, S. Irtiza (1983). "Review of Afghanistan under Soviet domination 1964-81; The Afghan Syndrome". Pakistan Horizon. 36 (4): 141–146. ISSN 0030-980X. JSTOR 41394206. ↩
Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019). The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8701-7. ↩
Urban, Mark (27 July 2016). War in Afghanistan. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-20761-9. ↩
"First radio announcement". Kabul Times. 4 May 1978. ↩
Gall, Carlotta (31 January 2009). "An Afghan Secret Revealed Brings End of an Era". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 November 2023. ↩
Ghaus, Abdul Samad (1988). The fall of Afghanistan: an insider's account. Washington: Pergamon-Brassey's Intern. Defense Publ. pp. 198–200. ISBN 978-0-08-034701-1. ↩ ↩²
Adamec, Ludwig W. (2012). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810878150. ↩
Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2006). The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World. London: Penguin Books. pp. 386–388. ISBN 978-0-14-197798-0. ↩ ↩²
Harrison, Selig S.; Cordovez, Diego (1995). Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 0-19-506294-9. ↩
Maley, William (2021). The Afghanistan Wars (3rd ed.). Red Globe Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-352-01100-5. ↩
Braithwaite, Rodric (2011). Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979–1989. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-19-983265-1. ↩
Westad, Odd Arne (2007). The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-521-70314-7. ↩
Zubok, Vladislav M. (2009). A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8078-5958-2. ↩
Dobbs, Michael (1998). Down with Big Brother: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York: Vintage Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-307-77316-6. ↩
Garthoff, Raymond L. (1994). Détente and Confrontation: American–Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 988. ISBN 0-8157-3041-1. ↩
Maley, William (2021). The Afghanistan Wars (3rd ed.). Red Globe Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-352-01100-5. ↩
Leake, Elisabeth (2022). Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780198846017. ↩
Afghanistan: The Wounded Land (TV Mini Series 2020) ⭐ 8.4 | Documentary, History. Retrieved 5 April 2024 – via m.imdb.com. ↩
Azimi, General Nabi (11 April 2019). The Army and Politics: Afghanistan: 1963–1993. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-7283-8701-7. ↩
Edwards, David B. (2002). Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-520-22861-8. ↩
Amstutz, J. B. (1 January 1986). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation (Report). Fort Belvoir, Virginia: Defense Technical Information Center. doi:10.21236/ada187795. ↩
Kakar, M. Hassan (1995). Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20893-5. ↩
Arnold, Anthony (1985). Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Perspective. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 74–75, 77, 83, 86. ISBN 978-0817982133. Retrieved 18 March 2018. ↩ ↩²
Clements, Frank (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 207. ISBN 978-1851094028. Retrieved 18 March 2018. ↩
Leake, Elisabeth (2022). Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-19-884601-7. ↩
Leake, Elisabeth (2022). Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-884601-7. ↩
Leake, Elisabeth (2022). Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan. Oxford University Press. pp. 19, 44. ISBN 978-0-19-884601-7. ↩
Goodson, Larry P. (2001). Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 0-295-98050-8. ↩ ↩² ↩³
"The "Great Saur Revolution". Workers' Liberty. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ↩
"Afghanistan – Communism, Rebellion and Soviet Intervention". Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 18 March 2018. ↩
Kaplan, Robert D. (1990). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Knopf Doubleday. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0395521328. Retrieved 17 March 2018. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
Gibbs, David N. (June 2006). "Reassessing Soviet Motives for Invading Afghanistan". Critical Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018. ↩
Prashad, Vijay (15 September 2001). "War Against the Planet". ZMag. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 21 March 2008. ↩
Klass, Rosanne (2017). "4: Genocide in Afghanistan 1978–1992". In W. Charny, Israel (ed.). The Widening Circle of Genocide: Genocide – A Critical Bibliographic Review Volume 3. New York: Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-56000-172-0. LCCN 93-46257. ↩
Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2005). The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-786-72217-4. ↩ ↩²
Frame, Tom (2022). Veiled Valour. Sydney, Australia: NewSouth Publishing. ISBN 9781742237633. ↩ ↩²
Rubin, Barnett R. (2002). The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-300-09519-7. ↩
Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005). Revolution Unending. Afghanistan: 1979 to the Present. London: Hurst & Company. p. 96. ISBN 1-85065-703-3. ↩
D. Kaplan, Robert (2001). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Vintage Books. pp. 115, 116. ISBN 1-4000-3025-0. ↩
Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid (22 January 2020). "Afghanistan death lists – International crimes". Netherlands Prosecution Service. Retrieved 18 January 2024. ↩
D. Kaplan, Robert (2001). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Vintage Books. p. 115. ISBN 1-4000-3025-0. ↩ ↩²
"Afghanistan Fiasco – HistoryNet". historynet.com. 15 March 2017. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
Paul Hofmann (29 April 1979). "Afghan King, In Rome Exile, Tightens Belt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ↩
"Afghan "prince" who would be tribal president". Reuters. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 13 October 2021. ↩
"Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity: 1978-2001" (PDF). Afghanistan Justice Project. July 2005. ↩
Amstutz, J. Bruce (1986). Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Defense University. pp. 40–41. OCLC 612525712. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ↩
D. Kaplan, Robert (2001). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Vintage Books. p. 116. ISBN 1-4000-3025-0. ↩
Steele, Jonathan (2012). Ghosts of Afghanistan: The Haunted Battleground. Berkeley: Catapult. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-619-02057-3. ↩

Saur Revolution

Opinions 0

Background

Uprising

Execution of Daoud and government purge

Speculated Soviet involvement

Aftermath and PDPA government

Economic reforms

Women's rights

Repression and rising tensions: 1978–1979

Crackdown on the Barakzai royal family

Armed resistance

Reception

Notes

Sub-pages

Nearby events

Background

Uprising

Execution of Daoud and government purge

Speculated Soviet involvement

Aftermath and PDPA government

Economic reforms

Women's rights

Repression and rising tensions: 1978–1979

Crackdown on the Barakzai royal family

Armed resistance

Reception

Notes

Other languages

Sub-pages

Nearby events

Opinions 0

Saur Revolution

Opinions 0

Background

Uprising

Execution of Daoud and government purge

Speculated Soviet involvement

Aftermath and PDPA government

Economic reforms

Women's rights

Repression and rising tensions: 1978–1979

Crackdown on the Barakzai royal family

Armed resistance

Reception

Notes

Footnotes

Sub-pages

Nearby events

Background

Uprising

Execution of Daoud and government purge

Speculated Soviet involvement

Aftermath and PDPA government

Economic reforms

Women's rights

Repression and rising tensions: 1978–1979

Crackdown on the Barakzai royal family

Armed resistance

Reception

Notes

Footnotes

Other languages

Sub-pages

Nearby events

Opinions 0