Admiral of the FleetRoger John Brownlow Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes, GCB, KCVO, CMG, DSO (4 October 1872 – 26 December 1945) was a British naval officer.
As a junior officer Keyes served in a corvette operating from Zanzibar on slavery suppression missions. Early in the Boxer Rebellion, he led a mission to capture a flotilla of four Chinese destroyers moored to a wharf on the Peiho River. He was one of the first men to climb over the Peking walls, to break through to the besieged diplomatic legations and to free them.
During the First World War Keyes was heavily involved in the organisation of the Dardanelles Campaign. He took charge in an operation when six trawlers and a cruiser attempted to clear the Kephez minefield. The operation was a failure, as the Turkish mobile artillery pieces bombarded Keyes's minesweeping squadron. He went on to be Director of Plans at the Admiralty and then took command of the Dover Patrol: he altered tactics, and the Dover Patrol sank five U-boats in the first month after the implementation of Keyes's plan compared with just two in the previous two years. He also planned and led the famous raids on the German submarine pens in the Belgian ports of Zeebrugge and Ostend.
Between the wars Keyes commanded the Battlecruiser Squadron, the Atlantic Fleet and then the Mediterranean Fleet before becoming Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth. He was elected to Parliament in 1934. During the Second World War, he initially became liaison officer to , King of the Belgians. Wearing a full uniform in the , he played an important role in the which led to the resignation of as Prime Minister. He went on to be the first Director of and implemented plans for the training of and raids on hostile coasts.
Keyes was then posted out to China to command another destroyer, HMS Hart, in September 1898, transferring to a newer ship, HMS Fame, in January 1899. In April 1899 he went to the rescue of a small British force which was attacked and surrounded by irregular Chinese forces while attempting to demarcate the border of the Hong Kong New Territories. He went ashore, leading half the landing party, and, while HMS Fame fired on the besiegers, he led the charge, which routed the Chinese and freed the troops.6
In June 1900, early in the Boxer Rebellion, Keyes led a mission to capture a flotilla of four Chinese destroyers moored to a wharf on the Peiho River. Together with another junior officer, he took boarding parties onto the Chinese destroyers, captured the destroyers and secured the wharf.1 Shortly thereafter, he led a mission to capture the heavily fortified fort at Hsi-cheng: he loaded HMS Fame with a landing party of 32 men, armed with rifles, pistols, cutlasses and explosives. His men quickly destroyed the Chinese gun mountings, blew up the powder magazine, and returned to the ship.7
Keyes was one of the first men to climb over the Peking walls, to break through to the besieged diplomatic legations, and to free them. For this he was promoted to commander on 9 November 1900.8 Keyes later recalled about the sack of Beijing: "Every Chinaman ... was treated as a Boxer by the Russian and French troops, and the slaughter of men, women, and children in retaliation was revolting".9
Diplomatic and submarine service
From his return to the United Kingdom and for a couple of years, Keyes served briefly in command of various ships in the instructional flotilla. He was appointed in May 1901 to the command of the destroyer HMS Bat serving in the Devonport instructional flotilla. In January 1902 he was appointed in command of the destroyer HMS Falcon, which took Bat's crew and her place in the flotilla,1011 and four months later he again brought his crew and was appointed in command of the destroyer HMS Sprightly, which served in the flotilla from May 1902.12 Another change of ship came in early January 1903, when he transferred to HMS Express,13 then a brief month with HMS Gipsy in April 1903, until he was posted to HMS Peterel for Naval manoeuvres during summer 1903.14
Keyes was posted to the intelligence section at the Admiralty in 1904 and then became naval attaché at the British Embassy in Rome in January 1905.3 Promoted to captain on 30 June 1905,15 he was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order on 24 April 1906.16 He took up command of the cruiserHMS Venus in the Atlantic Fleet in 1908 before going on to be Inspecting Captain of Submarines in 1910 and, having been appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath on 19 June 1911,17 he became commodore of the Submarine Service in 1912.3 As head of the Submarine Service, he introduced an element of competition into the construction of submarines, which had previously been built by Vickers. He tended to go to sea in a destroyer because of the primitive visibility from early submarines.1 He became a naval aide-de-camp to the King on 15 September 1914.18
First World War
When the First World War broke out, Keyes took command of the Eighth Submarine Flotilla at Harwich.3 He proposed, planned, and took part in the first Battle of Heligoland Bight in August 1914 flying his broad pendant in the destroyer HMS Lurcher.3 He went alongside the sinking German cruiser SMS Mainz and picked up 220 survivors, including the son of Grand-Admiral Tirpitz, for which he was mentioned in dispatches.3
Keyes became Chief of Staff to Vice-Admiral Sackville Carden, the commander of the Royal Navy squadron off the Dardanelles, in February 1915 and was heavily involved in the organisation of the Dardanelles Campaign.3 After slow progress, the bombardment of the Turkish defences was called off because of low ammunition stocks and fears of a newly-laid Turkish minefield. Writing to his wife, Keyes expressed frustration at the lack of imagination of his new superior, Vice-Admiral John de Robeck, arguing that "We must have a clear channel through the minefield for the ships to close to decisive range to hammer the forts and then land men to destroy the guns."19
Keyes took charge in an operation in March 1915 when six trawlers and the cruiser HMS Amethyst attempted to clear the Kephez minefield. The operation was a failure, as the Turkish mobile artillery pieces bombarded Keyes's minesweeping squadron. Heavy damage was inflicted on four of the six trawlers, while HMS Amethyst was badly hit and had her steering gear damaged. After another abortive attempt to clear the mines a few days later, the naval attempt to force the straits was abandoned, and instead, troops were landed to assault the guns.20 For his service during the Dardanelles Campaign, Keyes was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 1 January 191621 and awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 3 June 1916.22
Keyes took command of the battleshipHMS Centurion in the Grand Fleet in June 1916 and, having been promoted to rear-admiral on 10 April 1917,23 became second in command of the 4th Battle Squadron with his flag in the battleship HMS Colossus in June 1917.24 He went on to be Director of Plans at the Admiralty in October 1917 and then became Commander-in-Chief, Dover and commander of the Dover Patrol in January 1918.24 Prior to Keyes, the Dover Patrol had been commanded by Admiral Reginald Bacon and had succeeded in sinking two German U-boats in the English Channel in the previous two years, but out of 88,000 crossings by ships only five had been torpedoed and one sunk by gunfire.25 After Keyes took control, he altered tactics, and the Dover Patrol sank five U-boats in the first month after implementation of Keyes's plan.26
In January 1928 at a dance on the quarterdeck of the battleship HMS Royal Oak, Rear Admiral Bernard Collard, Second-in-command of the 1st Battle Squadron, openly lambasted Royal Marine Bandmaster, Percy Barnacle, and allegedly said "I won't have a bugger like that in my ship" in the presence of ship's officers and guests.36 Captain Kenneth Dewar and Commander Henry Daniel accused Collard of "vindictive fault-finding" and openly humiliating and insulting them before their crew, referring to an incident involving Collard's disembarkation from the ship in March 1928 where the admiral had openly said that he was "fed up with the ship";37 Collard countercharged the two with failing to follow orders and treating him "worse than a midshipman".38 Letters of complaint from Dewar and Daniel were passed on to Keyes. The press picked up on the story worldwide, describing the affair—with some hyperbole—as a "mutiny".39 Keyes was thought by the Admiralty to have handled the matter badly and this may have adversely affected his chances of becoming First Sea Lord.40 He became Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, in May 1929, was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 8 May 193041 and was advanced Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1930.42 He then bought a house at Tingewick in Buckinghamshire and retired in May 1935.43
When the Second World War broke out, Keyes was very anxious to obtain active service, but at the same time criticised the Chiefs of Staff.40
Keyes reached the conclusion that the regaining of Trondheim was the key to victory in Norway. He advocated the forcing of Trondheim Fjord by battleships and the landing of a military force to recapture the city. He sought an interview with Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty; submitted an outline plan to seize the city; and offered to lead the expedition. If the Admiralty did not wish to hazard newer ships, he would take in old battleships. The chiefs of staff reached similar conclusions, with the addition of subsidiary landings north at Namsos and south at Åndalsnes. However they failed to send capital ships into Trondheim Fjord. German destroyers dominated the fjord, no airfields were seized to provide air cover and troops earmarked for the centre prong were never landed. When the troops were evacuated in early May 1940, there was shock in Britain. Parliament gathered for the Norway Debate on 7 and 8 May 1940. Making a dramatic entrance in the full uniform of an Admiral of the Fleet, including medals, Keyes defended the navy and strongly criticised the government.44 In his closing remarks Keyes invoked Horatio Nelson.45
Harwood and his captains are typical of the Navy to-day. There are hundreds of young officers who are waiting eagerly to seize Warburton-Lee's torch, or emulate the deeds of Vian of the Cossack. One hundred and forty years ago, Nelson said, "I am of the opinion that the boldest measures are the safest", and that still holds good today.
— Roger Keyes, House of Commons, 7 May 1940
Chamberlain's government fell two days later, and Churchill became prime minister.40
When Germany invaded the Low Countries in May 1940, Churchill appointed Keyes liaison officer to Leopold III, King of the Belgians. However, after Belgium surrendered to the Germans later that month, both Leopold and Keyes were attacked in the British press.40
Keyes became the first Director of Combined Operations in June 1940 and implemented plans for the training of commandos and raids on hostile coasts.40 He came up with bold schemes, which were considered impractical by the Chiefs of Staff, and he was removed from office in October 1941.40 He was elevated to the peerage as Baron Keyes, of Zeebrugge and of Dover in the County of Kent on 22 January 1943.46
Keyes suffered a detached retina in early 1944. He then undertook a goodwill tour of Canada, Australia and New Zealand at the request of the British government in July 1944. During his visit to the amphibious warfare shipUSS Appalachian he suffered smoke inhalation following an attack by Japanese aircraft and never fully recovered. He died at his home in Tingewick on 26 December 1945 and was buried at the Zeebrugge corner of St James's Cemetery in Dover.40
Family
In 1906 Keyes married Eva Mary Bowlby; they had three daughters and two sons, including Geoffrey Keyes, who was killed in action in 1941 and was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.47
Glenton, Robert (1991). The Royal Oak Affair: The Saga of Admiral Collard and Bandmaster Barnacle. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN978-0850522662.
Halpern, Paul (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Routleadge. ISBN978-1857284980.
Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN0-85052-835-6.
Keyes, Roger (1939). Adventures Ashore and Afloat. London: George Harrap & Co.
Marder, Arthur Jacob (1969). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow Volume III. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-1848322004.
Preston, Diana (2000). The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners that Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. Berkley Books. ASINB00BUW73OS.
Further reading
Aspinall-Oglander, Cecil (1951). Roger Keyes. London: The Hogarth Press.
Halpern, Paul G. (ed.). The Keyes Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Baron Keyes of Zeebrugge. London: Allen & Unwin.
Keyes, Roger (1934). The Naval Memoirs of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes: The Narrow Seas to the Dardanelles 1910–1915. London: Thornton Butterworth. (vol. 1)
Keyes, Roger (1935). The Naval Memoirs of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes: Scapa Flow to the Dover Straits 1916–1918. London: Thornton Butterworth. (vol. 2)
Keyes, Roger (1941). The Fight For Gallipoli. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. (condensed edition of memoirs)
Keyes, Roger (1943). Amphibious Warfare and Combined Operations. Lees Knowles Lectures. Cambridge: University Press.
"Admiral Sir Roger Keyes". Dover: Lock and Key of the Kingdom. dover-kent.co.uk. 2000–2006. Archived from the original on 14 October 2004. Retrieved 3 October 2014. ↩
Harold Nicolson (1967). Nigel Nicolson (ed.). The Diaries and Letters of Harold Nicolson. Volume II: The War Years, 1939–1945. New York: Atheneum. pp. 76–77. ↩
Admiral of the FleetRoger John Brownlow Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes, GCB, KCVO, CMG, DSO (4 October 1872 – 26 December 1945) was a British naval officer.
As a junior officer Keyes served in a corvette operating from Zanzibar on slavery suppression missions. Early in the Boxer Rebellion, he led a mission to capture a flotilla of four Chinese destroyers moored to a wharf on the Peiho River. He was one of the first men to climb over the Peking walls, to break through to the besieged diplomatic legations and to free them.
During the First World War Keyes was heavily involved in the organisation of the Dardanelles Campaign. He took charge in an operation when six trawlers and a cruiser attempted to clear the Kephez minefield. The operation was a failure, as the Turkish mobile artillery pieces bombarded Keyes's minesweeping squadron. He went on to be Director of Plans at the Admiralty and then took command of the Dover Patrol: he altered tactics, and the Dover Patrol sank five U-boats in the first month after the implementation of Keyes's plan compared with just two in the previous two years. He also planned and led the famous raids on the German submarine pens in the Belgian ports of Zeebrugge and Ostend.
Between the wars Keyes commanded the Battlecruiser Squadron, the Atlantic Fleet and then the before becoming . He was elected to Parliament in 1934. During the Second World War, he initially became liaison officer to , King of the Belgians. Wearing a full uniform in the , he played an important role in the which led to the resignation of as Prime Minister. He went on to be the first Director of and implemented plans for the training of and raids on hostile coasts.
Keyes was then posted out to China to command another destroyer, HMS Hart, in September 1898, transferring to a newer ship, HMS Fame, in January 1899. In April 1899 he went to the rescue of a small British force which was attacked and surrounded by irregular Chinese forces while attempting to demarcate the border of the Hong Kong New Territories. He went ashore, leading half the landing party, and, while HMS Fame fired on the besiegers, he led the charge, which routed the Chinese and freed the troops.6
In June 1900, early in the Boxer Rebellion, Keyes led a mission to capture a flotilla of four Chinese destroyers moored to a wharf on the Peiho River. Together with another junior officer, he took boarding parties onto the Chinese destroyers, captured the destroyers and secured the wharf.1 Shortly thereafter, he led a mission to capture the heavily fortified fort at Hsi-cheng: he loaded HMS Fame with a landing party of 32 men, armed with rifles, pistols, cutlasses and explosives. His men quickly destroyed the Chinese gun mountings, blew up the powder magazine, and returned to the ship.7
Keyes was one of the first men to climb over the Peking walls, to break through to the besieged diplomatic legations, and to free them. For this he was promoted to commander on 9 November 1900.8 Keyes later recalled about the sack of Beijing: "Every Chinaman ... was treated as a Boxer by the Russian and French troops, and the slaughter of men, women, and children in retaliation was revolting".9
Diplomatic and submarine service
From his return to the United Kingdom and for a couple of years, Keyes served briefly in command of various ships in the instructional flotilla. He was appointed in May 1901 to the command of the destroyer HMS Bat serving in the Devonport instructional flotilla. In January 1902 he was appointed in command of the destroyer HMS Falcon, which took Bat's crew and her place in the flotilla,1011 and four months later he again brought his crew and was appointed in command of the destroyer HMS Sprightly, which served in the flotilla from May 1902.12 Another change of ship came in early January 1903, when he transferred to HMS Express,13 then a brief month with HMS Gipsy in April 1903, until he was posted to HMS Peterel for Naval manoeuvres during summer 1903.14
Keyes was posted to the intelligence section at the Admiralty in 1904 and then became naval attaché at the British Embassy in Rome in January 1905.3 Promoted to captain on 30 June 1905,15 he was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order on 24 April 1906.16 He took up command of the cruiserHMS Venus in the Atlantic Fleet in 1908 before going on to be Inspecting Captain of Submarines in 1910 and, having been appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath on 19 June 1911,17 he became commodore of the Submarine Service in 1912.3 As head of the Submarine Service, he introduced an element of competition into the construction of submarines, which had previously been built by Vickers. He tended to go to sea in a destroyer because of the primitive visibility from early submarines.1 He became a naval aide-de-camp to the King on 15 September 1914.18
First World War
When the First World War broke out, Keyes took command of the Eighth Submarine Flotilla at Harwich.3 He proposed, planned, and took part in the first Battle of Heligoland Bight in August 1914 flying his broad pendant in the destroyer HMS Lurcher.3 He went alongside the sinking German cruiser SMS Mainz and picked up 220 survivors, including the son of Grand-Admiral Tirpitz, for which he was mentioned in dispatches.3
Keyes became Chief of Staff to Vice-Admiral Sackville Carden, the commander of the Royal Navy squadron off the Dardanelles, in February 1915 and was heavily involved in the organisation of the Dardanelles Campaign.3 After slow progress, the bombardment of the Turkish defences was called off because of low ammunition stocks and fears of a newly-laid Turkish minefield. Writing to his wife, Keyes expressed frustration at the lack of imagination of his new superior, Vice-Admiral John de Robeck, arguing that "We must have a clear channel through the minefield for the ships to close to decisive range to hammer the forts and then land men to destroy the guns."19
Keyes took charge in an operation in March 1915 when six trawlers and the cruiser HMS Amethyst attempted to clear the Kephez minefield. The operation was a failure, as the Turkish mobile artillery pieces bombarded Keyes's minesweeping squadron. Heavy damage was inflicted on four of the six trawlers, while HMS Amethyst was badly hit and had her steering gear damaged. After another abortive attempt to clear the mines a few days later, the naval attempt to force the straits was abandoned, and instead, troops were landed to assault the guns.20 For his service during the Dardanelles Campaign, Keyes was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 1 January 191621 and awarded the Distinguished Service Order on 3 June 1916.22
Keyes took command of the battleshipHMS Centurion in the Grand Fleet in June 1916 and, having been promoted to rear-admiral on 10 April 1917,23 became second in command of the 4th Battle Squadron with his flag in the battleship HMS Colossus in June 1917.24 He went on to be Director of Plans at the Admiralty in October 1917 and then became Commander-in-Chief, Dover and commander of the Dover Patrol in January 1918.24 Prior to Keyes, the Dover Patrol had been commanded by Admiral Reginald Bacon and had succeeded in sinking two German U-boats in the English Channel in the previous two years, but out of 88,000 crossings by ships only five had been torpedoed and one sunk by gunfire.25 After Keyes took control, he altered tactics, and the Dover Patrol sank five U-boats in the first month after implementation of Keyes's plan.26
In January 1928 at a dance on the quarterdeck of the battleship HMS Royal Oak, Rear Admiral Bernard Collard, Second-in-command of the 1st Battle Squadron, openly lambasted Royal Marine Bandmaster, Percy Barnacle, and allegedly said "I won't have a bugger like that in my ship" in the presence of ship's officers and guests.36 Captain Kenneth Dewar and Commander Henry Daniel accused Collard of "vindictive fault-finding" and openly humiliating and insulting them before their crew, referring to an incident involving Collard's disembarkation from the ship in March 1928 where the admiral had openly said that he was "fed up with the ship";37 Collard countercharged the two with failing to follow orders and treating him "worse than a midshipman".38 Letters of complaint from Dewar and Daniel were passed on to Keyes. The press picked up on the story worldwide, describing the affair—with some hyperbole—as a "mutiny".39 Keyes was thought by the Admiralty to have handled the matter badly and this may have adversely affected his chances of becoming First Sea Lord.40 He became Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, in May 1929, was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 8 May 193041 and was advanced Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 3 June 1930.42 He then bought a house at Tingewick in Buckinghamshire and retired in May 1935.43
When the Second World War broke out, Keyes was very anxious to obtain active service, but at the same time criticised the Chiefs of Staff.40
Keyes reached the conclusion that the regaining of Trondheim was the key to victory in Norway. He advocated the forcing of Trondheim Fjord by battleships and the landing of a military force to recapture the city. He sought an interview with Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty; submitted an outline plan to seize the city; and offered to lead the expedition. If the Admiralty did not wish to hazard newer ships, he would take in old battleships. The chiefs of staff reached similar conclusions, with the addition of subsidiary landings north at Namsos and south at Åndalsnes. However they failed to send capital ships into Trondheim Fjord. German destroyers dominated the fjord, no airfields were seized to provide air cover and troops earmarked for the centre prong were never landed. When the troops were evacuated in early May 1940, there was shock in Britain. Parliament gathered for the Norway Debate on 7 and 8 May 1940. Making a dramatic entrance in the full uniform of an Admiral of the Fleet, including medals, Keyes defended the navy and strongly criticised the government.44 In his closing remarks Keyes invoked Horatio Nelson.45
Harwood and his captains are typical of the Navy to-day. There are hundreds of young officers who are waiting eagerly to seize Warburton-Lee's torch, or emulate the deeds of Vian of the Cossack. One hundred and forty years ago, Nelson said, "I am of the opinion that the boldest measures are the safest", and that still holds good today.
— Roger Keyes, House of Commons, 7 May 1940
Chamberlain's government fell two days later, and Churchill became prime minister.40
When Germany invaded the Low Countries in May 1940, Churchill appointed Keyes liaison officer to Leopold III, King of the Belgians. However, after Belgium surrendered to the Germans later that month, both Leopold and Keyes were attacked in the British press.40
Keyes became the first Director of Combined Operations in June 1940 and implemented plans for the training of commandos and raids on hostile coasts.40 He came up with bold schemes, which were considered impractical by the Chiefs of Staff, and he was removed from office in October 1941.40 He was elevated to the peerage as Baron Keyes, of Zeebrugge and of Dover in the County of Kent on 22 January 1943.46
Keyes suffered a detached retina in early 1944. He then undertook a goodwill tour of Canada, Australia and New Zealand at the request of the British government in July 1944. During his visit to the amphibious warfare shipUSS Appalachian he suffered smoke inhalation following an attack by Japanese aircraft and never fully recovered. He died at his home in Tingewick on 26 December 1945 and was buried at the Zeebrugge corner of St James's Cemetery in Dover.40
Family
In 1906 Keyes married Eva Mary Bowlby; they had three daughters and two sons, including Geoffrey Keyes, who was killed in action in 1941 and was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.47
Glenton, Robert (1991). The Royal Oak Affair: The Saga of Admiral Collard and Bandmaster Barnacle. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN978-0850522662.
Halpern, Paul (1995). A Naval History of World War I. Routleadge. ISBN978-1857284980.
Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN0-85052-835-6.
Keyes, Roger (1939). Adventures Ashore and Afloat. London: George Harrap & Co.
Marder, Arthur Jacob (1969). From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow Volume III. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-1848322004.
Preston, Diana (2000). The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners that Shook the World in the Summer of 1900. Berkley Books. ASINB00BUW73OS.
Further reading
Aspinall-Oglander, Cecil (1951). Roger Keyes. London: The Hogarth Press.
Halpern, Paul G. (ed.). The Keyes Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Baron Keyes of Zeebrugge. London: Allen & Unwin.
Keyes, Roger (1934). The Naval Memoirs of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes: The Narrow Seas to the Dardanelles 1910–1915. London: Thornton Butterworth. (vol. 1)
Keyes, Roger (1935). The Naval Memoirs of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes: Scapa Flow to the Dover Straits 1916–1918. London: Thornton Butterworth. (vol. 2)
Keyes, Roger (1941). The Fight For Gallipoli. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. (condensed edition of memoirs)
Keyes, Roger (1943). Amphibious Warfare and Combined Operations. Lees Knowles Lectures. Cambridge: University Press.
"Admiral Sir Roger Keyes". Dover: Lock and Key of the Kingdom. dover-kent.co.uk. 2000–2006. Archived from the original on 14 October 2004. Retrieved 3 October 2014. ↩
Harold Nicolson (1967). Nigel Nicolson (ed.). The Diaries and Letters of Harold Nicolson. Volume II: The War Years, 1939–1945. New York: Atheneum. pp. 76–77. ↩