**Princess Sukan** (Korean: 숙안공주; 1 June 1636 (28th day of the 4th lunar month) – 2 February 1698 (22nd day of the 12th lunar month, 1697)) was a princess of [[Joseon]], the second daughter of [[Hyojong of Joseon|Hyojong]] and [[Queen Insun]]. She was the elder sister of [[Hyeonjong of Joseon|Hyeonj
Born 1636Last edited Oct 15, 2026, 2:51 PM
Details
Born
1636
Other names
Princess Ikpyeong (益平公主) · Princess Bian (比安公主)
Born
28 April 1636 (lunar calendar)
Died
22 December 1697 (1697-12-22) (aged 61) (lunar calendar)
Princess Sukan (淑安公主, 1 June 1636 (28th day of the 4th lunar month) – 2 February 1698 (22nd day of the 12th lunar month, 1697)) was a princess of Joseon, the second daughter of Hyojong and Queen Insun. She was the elder sister of Hyeonjong and the aunt of Sukjong.
Overview
As a daughter of Hyojong and Queen Insun, she enjoyed Hyojong's favor. However, relying on her status as Hyojong's daughter, Hyeonjong's eldest sister, and Sukjong's aunt, she behaved arrogantly and seized the land and taxes of the common people. Despite the open protection of three kings, impeachments and lawsuits against her never ceased.
The conduct of Princess Sukan and Princess Sukmyeong angered Sukjong, and during the Gisa Hwanguk, he executed Princess Sukan's son Hong Chi-sang. Afterward, to avenge the loss of her son, Princess Sukan provided funds to the Westerners and attempted to plan a hwanguk and the restoration of Queen Inhyeon.
Biography
Birth and early life as a Gunju
On 28 April 1636 (14th year of Injo), she was born as the second daughter of 's second son, (later ), and Lady Jang, Lady Pungan (later ). Because her elder sister died young, most historical records list her as the first daughter.
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In 1637 (15th year of Injo), her father Grand Prince Bongnim and her mother Lady Jang were taken as hostages to Shenyang in the Qing dynasty.2 Princess Sukan, who was not yet one year old at the time, did not go with her parents to the Qing and was raised in the palace.3
In 1645 (23rd year of Injo), after Crown Prince Sohyeon died suddenly and her father Grand Prince Bongnim was invested as crown prince, she was granted the title of Gunju (郡主), the rank given to the legitimate daughters of the crown prince, in the following year, 1646 (24th year of Injo), and became Princess Sukan Gunju (淑安郡主).4
In April 1649 (27th year of Injo), Hong Deuk-gi (洪得箕), son of Hong Jung-bo, a magistrate, was selected as Ikpyeong Buwi (益平副尉).5 However, on 8 May of the following month, Injo died, and the marriage was postponed.
As Princess
After Injo's death, her father Hyojong ascended the throne, and she was enfeoffed as Princess Sukan (淑安公主). Hong Deuk-gi, whose marriage had been decided, was promoted to Ikpyeong Wi (益平尉).6 Although the marriage should have been postponed until the three-year mourning period for Injo was completed, in 1650 (1st year of Hyojong), the Qing regent Dorgon requested a Joseon princess as his consort. Hyojong then held a simplified wedding ceremony for Princess Sukan and Hong Deuk-gi in January of the following year.7 In place of the princess, a daughter of Geumnim, a member of the royal clan, became Hyojong's adopted daughter, received the title Princess Uisun (Princess Uisun), and became the consort of Dorgon.8
On 29 June 1673 (14th year of Hyeonjong), her husband Hong Deuk-gi was specially enfeoffed as Ikpyeong Gun (益平君).9
Misfortunes
On 27 November 1673, her husband Hong Deuk-gi died suddenly at the age of 39. After the Gisa Hwanguk of 1689 (15th year of Sukjong), her son Hong Chi-sang (洪致祥), who had repeatedly committed misdeeds10 relying on the protection of his mother, a daughter of a former king and aunt of the reigning king, was sentenced to hanging (絞刑).11
Death
On 22 December 1697 (23rd year of Sukjong), she died.12 Sukjong issued a memorandum ordering that the mourning rites follow those of Princess Sukhwi, and in accordance with the precedent of previous reigns, he personally went to her funeral and wailed at the mourning.13 Princess Sukan was buried together with her husband Hong Deuk-gi. Their tombs are located at Hwacheon-ri, Mountain 24, Yongmun-myeon, Yangpyeong County, Gyeonggi Province.
Conduct
Relying on her status as Hyojong's daughter, Hyeonjong's eldest sister, and Sukjong's aunt, she behaved arrogantly and seized the land and taxes of the common people. Despite the open protection of three kings, impeachments and lawsuits never ceased. She also interfered in state affairs, expressed dissatisfaction to her nephew Sukjong over the appointment of a Right State Councillor,14 and after the Gisa Hwanguk, to avenge the loss of her son Hong Chi-sang, she provided funds to the Westerners and plotted a hwanguk and the restoration of Queen Inhyeon. In 1694, she was nearly unable to avoid the extreme penalty when Han Jung-hyeok and Yi Si-do, who were arrested on 26 March 1694, confessed and her involvement was exposed, but the next day she was spared by the Gapsul Hwanguk carried out by Sukjong.15
"The palace servants of Ikpyeong Wi (益平尉) Hong Deuk-gi (洪得箕) violated the cattle ban,
and even brutally beat the officials who enforced it.
Moreover, leading palace servants, they went to the house of Yi Cheok-yeon (李惕然), Councillor of this court, and caused a riot.
Such an incident has never occurred before or since.
We ask that the palace servants be severely punished to discipline the trend of disregarding the law and acting as they please."
— Veritable Records of Hyojong, Vol. 8,
12 January (Eulyu) of the 3rd year of Hyojong (9th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1652)
The palace servants of Ikpyeong (益平)16 established farms in Wanshan (完山) and elsewhere,
and the palace servants of Cheongpyeong (靑平)17 established farms in Honae (湖內) and elsewhere.
Even small fields within the country are not the king's land?
If mountains and marshes have not been cultivated, that is one thing,
but if they have been cultivated, the people have plowed them generation after generation,
and how could there be any limit to the failure to distinguish public from private fields?
The fertile lands under the Naesusa that were granted by registration are clearly not insufficient,
so for what reason do they seize unclear private fields and cause the old and new people living nearby
to tear down their houses and become wandering refugees (流離, roaming in search of shelter)?
— Veritable Records of Hyojong, Vol. 9,
13 November (Sinsa) of the 3rd year of Hyojong (9th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1652)
Using the pretext that Sukjeong and Sukan had received approval from the king (啓下, having been permitted by the king) on official business,
they illegally seized private fields in places such as Sinchon (信川), Jaeryeong (載寧), and Pyeongsan (平山).
Yun Gyeom (尹㻩), magistrate of Pyeongsan, was frightened by their threatening words,
and in order to flatter them, devised a scheme to make all the numerous private fields belong to the palaces,
so the people lost their livelihoods and their cries of resentment reached the sky.
— Veritable Records of Hyeonjong, Vol. 5,
13 July (Gapsin) of the 3rd year of Hyeonjong (1st year of Qing Kangxi, 1662)
"The rent-free rice paddies of Gimhae (金海) held by the household of Princess Sukan were received under grant long ago,
yet this county, listening to and trusting the false petitions of treacherous people,
has arbitrarily seized tax-exempt fields, which is quite baseless.
Therefore, some were approved by written petition (手本), and some by petition to the throne (上言),
but all of them should not be carried out; they were to remain under the relevant palace, as decided twice before. Yet the magistrate of this county ignored the earlier and later decrees and finally seized them and gave them to Kim Yeon-sang (金連上) and others, which is very shocking.
First, the magistrate of Gimhae in question shall be investigated and punished severely."
— Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 16,
21 August (Gyuyu) of the 11th year of Sukjong (24th year of Qing Kangxi, 1685)
"Gimhae is a place received under grant by the household of Princess Bian (比安公主房, Princess Sukan),
yet the palace emissaries are seizing private fields by relying on their power.
We ask that the province investigate this in detail, report it, and punish the crimes of the palace emissaries."
The king said,
"What the senior officials heard seems to have come from the false petitions of treacherous people," and did not approve.
— Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 16,
18 December (Gapjin) of the 11th year of Sukjong (24th year of Qing Kangxi, 1685)
The royal proclamation said:
"Because the national order has collapsed and people no longer fear the law, palace women18 form alliances with royal members, royal members form alliances with scholar-officials, and they flatter one another, fabricate facts that do not exist, and invent sinister rumors to slander the ruler. This habit is truly lamentable. From now on, whenever such things are revealed, they shall be publicly executed as a standing law."
【In the king's proclamation, the royal members generally refer to the several princesses (Princess Sukan, Princess Sukmyeong, Princess Sukhwi), and the household of Princess Ikpyeong (益平公主, Princess Sukan) came under even greater suspicion. Later, a senior official explained the circumstances and it was rescinded.】
— Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 17,
14 December (Gapja) of the 12th year of Sukjong (25th year of Qing Kangxi, 1686)
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 18, 13 September (Muja) of the 13th year of Sukjong (26th year of Qing Kangxi, 1687) * * * Discussion with the ministers of the Bibyeonsa on all matters of state and military * * * The king received the ministers of the Bibyeonsa (備局) and discussed all matters of state and military. The king said: (omitted) "When the additional state councillors were being chosen this time, the princesses happened to come in, and Princess Sukmyeong (淑明公主) asked, 'Whom did you appoint?' I said, 'I appointed Jo Sa-seok.' Princess Sukmyeong said, 'I have not heard that he is talented.' Princess Sukan (淑安公主) said, 'Jo Sa-seok has obtained a fine material for a funeral banner.' How princesses could concern themselves with whether court ministers are wise, and why they speak in this way, I truly find dismaying." (omitted) ↩
Veritable Records of Injo, Vol. 34, 8 February (Musin) of the 15th year of Injo (10th year of Ming Chongzhen, 1637) * * * When the Later Jin king withdrew his troops, he escorted the crown prince, the crown princess, Grand Prince Bongnim, and his wife away↩
Family Record of My Late Grandmother Princess Sukan (祖妣淑安公主家狀) * * * The princess was the first daughter of Hyojong, and shortly after her birth she encountered the Byeongja Horan and barely survived the perilous moment. Hyojong went to Shenyang as a grand prince, and the princess was separated from her parents and lost her support. Injo pitied her and raised her in the palace. ↩
Diaries of the Royal Secretariat, Book 95 (transcription Book 5), 25 December (Jeongyu) of the 24th year of Injo (3rd year of Qing Shunzhi, 1646) * * * ○ Transmitted to the Office of Personnel: "Make one daughter of the crown prince Princess Sukan Gunju, and make Yi Jing (李澂) Prince Sungseon (崇善君)." * * * Transmitted to the Office of Personnel, saying: "Make one daughter of the crown prince Princess Sukan Gunju, and make Yi Jing Prince Sungseon." ↩
Veritable Records of Injo, 9 April (Jeongyu) of the 27th year of Injo (6th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1649) ↩
Veritable Records of Hyojong, 9 June (Jeongyu) of the accession year of Hyojong (6th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1649) ↩
Veritable Records of Hyojong, 5 November (Euimyo) of the 1st year of Hyojong (7th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1650) ↩
Veritable Records of Hyojong, 25 March (Muin) of the 1st year of Hyojong (7th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1650) ↩
Diaries of the Royal Secretariat, Book 234 (transcription Book 12), 29 June (Jeongmyo) of the 14th year of Hyeonjong (12th year of Qing Kangxi, 1673) ↩
* Alternately claiming to be part of the Noron and Soron factions and causing discord; conspiring with his in-law Yi Sa-myeong to cause internal strife and falsely accusing Prince Dongpyeong, a royal relative who enjoyed the trust of Sukjong, of plotting regicide against Sukjong; when his false accusation was exposed, attempting to pin the crime on Kim Seok-yeon (Sukjong's maternal uncle), who knew nothing, to avoid punishment; discussing politics in written letters in Chinese to the Queen Dowager (Queen Jangnyeol) in a mocking manner; in 1687, colluding with his niece-in-law Consort Yeong Kim (then Gwibin) and spreading a rumor that Jo Sa-seok's promotion to Right State Councillor was due to his intimate relationship with the mother of Consort Hui Jang (then Sobi), whom Sukjong favored; and attempting to shift the blame for fabricating and spreading false rumors onto Princess Sukmyeong. * * * After the Gapsul Hwanguk, Sukjong, at the request of the Noron to console the princess, specially restored Hong Chi-sang's status, but when the Mugo Incident occurred and Sukjong's feelings toward Consort Hui Jang were poor, Hong Chi-sang's son Hong Tae-yu took advantage of this and rang a gyeongjaeng drum to request that his father's innocence and wrongful death be made public. Sukjong was enraged, revoked Hong Chi-sang's restoration, demoted him again to commoner status, and later ordered that Hong Chi-sang never be restored again. Hong Chi-sang was restored during the reign of Yeongjo, but Jeongjo also used Hong Chi-sang as an example of the evils of royal in-law relations. * * * Source: Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (Sukjong, Sukbo, Yeongjo, Jeongjo) ↩
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 20, 22 April (Muja) of the 15th year of Sukjong (28th year of Qing Kangxi, 1689) * * * Hong Chi-sang sentenced to hanging↩
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 31, 22 December (Mujin) of the 23rd year of Sukjong (36th year of Qing Kangxi, 1697) * * * Obituary of Princess Sukan * * * Princess Sukan died. The princess was the first daughter of Hyojong the Great. She was married to Ikpyeong Gun Hong Deuk-gi, and at this time she died. The king was deeply saddened, issued a memorandum to make the rules for assisting with the initial mourning and funeral uniform, based on those of Princess Sukhwi's funeral, and ordered that he would wail at the mourning house the next day. ↩
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 31, 23 December (Gisa) of the 23rd year of Sukjong (36th year of Qing Kangxi, 1697) ↩
This refers to the case in which Sukjong, rather than selecting the Right State Councillor from the candidates recommended by Right State Councillor Kim Su-hang and Left State Councillor Yi Dan-ha, appointed Jo Sa-seok, Minister of Personnel, as Right State Councillor. The candidates recommended by Kim Su-hang and Yi Dan-ha were relatives of Princess Sukan's sisters, Yeoyang Buwon-gun Min Yu-jung (father of Queen Inhyeon), Kim Su-hang (grand-uncle of Consort Yeong Kim), and Kim Man-jung (uncle of Queen Inyeong). Moreover, Hong Chi-sang, Princess Sukan's son, and Sim Jeong-bo, son of Princess Sukmyeong, were both maternal uncles-in-law of Consort Yeong Kim; therefore, as mentioned in the Veritable Records of Sukjong and the Records of Queen Inhyeon, it was no coincidence that Princess Sukan and Princess Sukmyeong urged the expulsion of Consort Hui Jang from the palace, and reviled her, even before the Gisa Hwanguk broke out. ↩
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 26, 1 April (Mujin) of the 20th year of Sukjong (33rd year of Qing Kangxi, 1694) ↩
Ikpyeong was the title of Hong Deuk-gi, husband of Princess Sukan, Ikpyeong Wi. When discussing the crimes of a married royal princess, her title was sometimes cited, but out of consideration for the king, who was her blood relative, it was sometimes replaced with her husband's title, the name of the village where she lived, her palace title (or residence name), or the name of her household or palace. ↩
Refers to Queen Inhyeon and Consort Yeong Kim. Just before this proclamation on this day, Han Seong-u, a relative of Queen Inhyeon, following Kim Chang-hyeop, Kim Man-gil, Song Ju-seok, and others, revised Yi Jing-myeong's memorial and petitioned that "following the example of Emperor Renzong of Song, who, having newly taken a woman and rejoiced, then received the loyal advice of wise ministers, felt shame, wept tears, repented, and immediately expelled the woman, the edict for Lady Jang as Sukwon, whom he had made a concubine four days earlier, should be revoked and she should be expelled at once." Thereupon, Sukjong, who until then had consistently ignored all attacks on Lady Jang, finally burst out in anger and punished Han Seong-u, and also sternly warned the senior officials who had revised Yi Jing-myeong's memorial and urged Lady Jang's expulsion from the palace (all of whom were kin of Queen Inhyeon and Consort Yeong Kim), and at the same time issued warnings to Princess Sukan (maternal aunt-in-law of Consort Yeong Kim, mother of Hong Chi-sang), Princess Sukmyeong (maternal aunt-in-law of Consort Yeong Kim, mother of Sim Jeong-bo), Princess Sukhwi (relative of Queen Inhyeon and Consort Yeong Kim), and Princess Myeong'an (relative of Queen Inhyeon and Consort Yeong Kim), who had entered the palace and urged Lady Jang's expulsion. ↩
Princess Sukan (淑安公主, 1 June 1636 (28th day of the 4th lunar month) – 2 February 1698 (22nd day of the 12th lunar month, 1697)) was a princess of Joseon, the second daughter of Hyojong and Queen Insun. She was the elder sister of Hyeonjong and the aunt of Sukjong.
Overview
As a daughter of Hyojong and Queen Insun, she enjoyed Hyojong's favor. However, relying on her status as Hyojong's daughter, Hyeonjong's eldest sister, and Sukjong's aunt, she behaved arrogantly and seized the land and taxes of the common people. Despite the open protection of three kings, impeachments and lawsuits against her never ceased.
The conduct of Princess Sukan and Princess Sukmyeong angered Sukjong, and during the Gisa Hwanguk, he executed Princess Sukan's son Hong Chi-sang. Afterward, to avenge the loss of her son, Princess Sukan provided funds to the Westerners and attempted to plan a hwanguk and the restoration of .
On 28 April 1636 (14th year of Injo), she was born as the second daughter of Injo's second son, Grand Prince Bongnim (later Hyojong), and Lady Jang, Lady Pungan (later Queen Insun). Because her elder sister Princess Suksin died young, most historical records list her as the first daughter.
In 1637 (15th year of Injo), her father Grand Prince Bongnim and her mother Lady Jang were taken as hostages to Shenyang in the Qing dynasty.2 Princess Sukan, who was not yet one year old at the time, did not go with her parents to the Qing and was raised in the palace.3
In 1645 (23rd year of Injo), after Crown Prince Sohyeon died suddenly and her father Grand Prince Bongnim was invested as crown prince, she was granted the title of Gunju (郡主), the rank given to the legitimate daughters of the crown prince, in the following year, 1646 (24th year of Injo), and became Princess Sukan Gunju (淑安郡主).4
In April 1649 (27th year of Injo), Hong Deuk-gi (洪得箕), son of Hong Jung-bo, a magistrate, was selected as Ikpyeong Buwi (益平副尉).5 However, on 8 May of the following month, Injo died, and the marriage was postponed.
As Princess
After Injo's death, her father Hyojong ascended the throne, and she was enfeoffed as Princess Sukan (淑安公主). Hong Deuk-gi, whose marriage had been decided, was promoted to Ikpyeong Wi (益平尉).6 Although the marriage should have been postponed until the three-year mourning period for Injo was completed, in 1650 (1st year of Hyojong), the Qing regent Dorgon requested a Joseon princess as his consort. Hyojong then held a simplified wedding ceremony for Princess Sukan and Hong Deuk-gi in January of the following year.7 In place of the princess, a daughter of Geumnim, a member of the royal clan, became Hyojong's adopted daughter, received the title Princess Uisun (Princess Uisun), and became the consort of Dorgon.8
On 29 June 1673 (14th year of Hyeonjong), her husband Hong Deuk-gi was specially enfeoffed as Ikpyeong Gun (益平君).9
Misfortunes
On 27 November 1673, her husband Hong Deuk-gi died suddenly at the age of 39. After the Gisa Hwanguk of 1689 (15th year of Sukjong), her son Hong Chi-sang (洪致祥), who had repeatedly committed misdeeds10 relying on the protection of his mother, a daughter of a former king and aunt of the reigning king, was sentenced to hanging (絞刑).11
Death
On 22 December 1697 (23rd year of Sukjong), she died.12 Sukjong issued a memorandum ordering that the mourning rites follow those of Princess Sukhwi, and in accordance with the precedent of previous reigns, he personally went to her funeral and wailed at the mourning.13 Princess Sukan was buried together with her husband Hong Deuk-gi. Their tombs are located at Hwacheon-ri, Mountain 24, Yongmun-myeon, Yangpyeong County, Gyeonggi Province.
Conduct
Relying on her status as Hyojong's daughter, Hyeonjong's eldest sister, and Sukjong's aunt, she behaved arrogantly and seized the land and taxes of the common people. Despite the open protection of three kings, impeachments and lawsuits never ceased. She also interfered in state affairs, expressed dissatisfaction to her nephew Sukjong over the appointment of a Right State Councillor,14 and after the Gisa Hwanguk, to avenge the loss of her son Hong Chi-sang, she provided funds to the Westerners and plotted a hwanguk and the restoration of Queen Inhyeon. In 1694, she was nearly unable to avoid the extreme penalty when Han Jung-hyeok and Yi Si-do, who were arrested on 26 March 1694, confessed and her involvement was exposed, but the next day she was spared by the Gapsul Hwanguk carried out by Sukjong.15
"The palace servants of Ikpyeong Wi (益平尉) Hong Deuk-gi (洪得箕) violated the cattle ban,
and even brutally beat the officials who enforced it.
Moreover, leading palace servants, they went to the house of Yi Cheok-yeon (李惕然), Councillor of this court, and caused a riot.
Such an incident has never occurred before or since.
We ask that the palace servants be severely punished to discipline the trend of disregarding the law and acting as they please."
— Veritable Records of Hyojong, Vol. 8,
12 January (Eulyu) of the 3rd year of Hyojong (9th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1652)
The palace servants of Ikpyeong (益平)16 established farms in Wanshan (完山) and elsewhere,
and the palace servants of Cheongpyeong (靑平)17 established farms in Honae (湖內) and elsewhere.
Even small fields within the country are not the king's land?
If mountains and marshes have not been cultivated, that is one thing,
but if they have been cultivated, the people have plowed them generation after generation,
and how could there be any limit to the failure to distinguish public from private fields?
The fertile lands under the Naesusa that were granted by registration are clearly not insufficient,
so for what reason do they seize unclear private fields and cause the old and new people living nearby
to tear down their houses and become wandering refugees (流離, roaming in search of shelter)?
— Veritable Records of Hyojong, Vol. 9,
13 November (Sinsa) of the 3rd year of Hyojong (9th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1652)
Using the pretext that Sukjeong and Sukan had received approval from the king (啓下, having been permitted by the king) on official business,
they illegally seized private fields in places such as Sinchon (信川), Jaeryeong (載寧), and Pyeongsan (平山).
Yun Gyeom (尹㻩), magistrate of Pyeongsan, was frightened by their threatening words,
and in order to flatter them, devised a scheme to make all the numerous private fields belong to the palaces,
so the people lost their livelihoods and their cries of resentment reached the sky.
— Veritable Records of Hyeonjong, Vol. 5,
13 July (Gapsin) of the 3rd year of Hyeonjong (1st year of Qing Kangxi, 1662)
"The rent-free rice paddies of Gimhae (金海) held by the household of Princess Sukan were received under grant long ago,
yet this county, listening to and trusting the false petitions of treacherous people,
has arbitrarily seized tax-exempt fields, which is quite baseless.
Therefore, some were approved by written petition (手本), and some by petition to the throne (上言),
but all of them should not be carried out; they were to remain under the relevant palace, as decided twice before. Yet the magistrate of this county ignored the earlier and later decrees and finally seized them and gave them to Kim Yeon-sang (金連上) and others, which is very shocking.
First, the magistrate of Gimhae in question shall be investigated and punished severely."
— Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 16,
21 August (Gyuyu) of the 11th year of Sukjong (24th year of Qing Kangxi, 1685)
"Gimhae is a place received under grant by the household of Princess Bian (比安公主房, Princess Sukan),
yet the palace emissaries are seizing private fields by relying on their power.
We ask that the province investigate this in detail, report it, and punish the crimes of the palace emissaries."
The king said,
"What the senior officials heard seems to have come from the false petitions of treacherous people," and did not approve.
— Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 16,
18 December (Gapjin) of the 11th year of Sukjong (24th year of Qing Kangxi, 1685)
The royal proclamation said:
"Because the national order has collapsed and people no longer fear the law, palace women18 form alliances with royal members, royal members form alliances with scholar-officials, and they flatter one another, fabricate facts that do not exist, and invent sinister rumors to slander the ruler. This habit is truly lamentable. From now on, whenever such things are revealed, they shall be publicly executed as a standing law."
【In the king's proclamation, the royal members generally refer to the several princesses (Princess Sukan, Princess Sukmyeong, Princess Sukhwi), and the household of Princess Ikpyeong (益平公主, Princess Sukan) came under even greater suspicion. Later, a senior official explained the circumstances and it was rescinded.】
— Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 17,
14 December (Gapja) of the 12th year of Sukjong (25th year of Qing Kangxi, 1686)
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 18, 13 September (Muja) of the 13th year of Sukjong (26th year of Qing Kangxi, 1687) * * * Discussion with the ministers of the Bibyeonsa on all matters of state and military * * * The king received the ministers of the Bibyeonsa (備局) and discussed all matters of state and military. The king said: (omitted) "When the additional state councillors were being chosen this time, the princesses happened to come in, and Princess Sukmyeong (淑明公主) asked, 'Whom did you appoint?' I said, 'I appointed Jo Sa-seok.' Princess Sukmyeong said, 'I have not heard that he is talented.' Princess Sukan (淑安公主) said, 'Jo Sa-seok has obtained a fine material for a funeral banner.' How princesses could concern themselves with whether court ministers are wise, and why they speak in this way, I truly find dismaying." (omitted) ↩
Veritable Records of Injo, Vol. 34, 8 February (Musin) of the 15th year of Injo (10th year of Ming Chongzhen, 1637) * * * When the Later Jin king withdrew his troops, he escorted the crown prince, the crown princess, Grand Prince Bongnim, and his wife away↩
Family Record of My Late Grandmother Princess Sukan (祖妣淑安公主家狀) * * * The princess was the first daughter of Hyojong, and shortly after her birth she encountered the Byeongja Horan and barely survived the perilous moment. Hyojong went to Shenyang as a grand prince, and the princess was separated from her parents and lost her support. Injo pitied her and raised her in the palace. ↩
Diaries of the Royal Secretariat, Book 95 (transcription Book 5), 25 December (Jeongyu) of the 24th year of Injo (3rd year of Qing Shunzhi, 1646) * * * ○ Transmitted to the Office of Personnel: "Make one daughter of the crown prince Princess Sukan Gunju, and make Yi Jing (李澂) Prince Sungseon (崇善君)." * * * Transmitted to the Office of Personnel, saying: "Make one daughter of the crown prince Princess Sukan Gunju, and make Yi Jing Prince Sungseon." ↩
Veritable Records of Injo, 9 April (Jeongyu) of the 27th year of Injo (6th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1649) ↩
Veritable Records of Hyojong, 9 June (Jeongyu) of the accession year of Hyojong (6th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1649) ↩
Veritable Records of Hyojong, 5 November (Euimyo) of the 1st year of Hyojong (7th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1650) ↩
Veritable Records of Hyojong, 25 March (Muin) of the 1st year of Hyojong (7th year of Qing Shunzhi, 1650) ↩
Diaries of the Royal Secretariat, Book 234 (transcription Book 12), 29 June (Jeongmyo) of the 14th year of Hyeonjong (12th year of Qing Kangxi, 1673) ↩
* Alternately claiming to be part of the Noron and Soron factions and causing discord; conspiring with his in-law Yi Sa-myeong to cause internal strife and falsely accusing Prince Dongpyeong, a royal relative who enjoyed the trust of Sukjong, of plotting regicide against Sukjong; when his false accusation was exposed, attempting to pin the crime on Kim Seok-yeon (Sukjong's maternal uncle), who knew nothing, to avoid punishment; discussing politics in written letters in Chinese to the Queen Dowager (Queen Jangnyeol) in a mocking manner; in 1687, colluding with his niece-in-law Consort Yeong Kim (then Gwibin) and spreading a rumor that Jo Sa-seok's promotion to Right State Councillor was due to his intimate relationship with the mother of Consort Hui Jang (then Sobi), whom Sukjong favored; and attempting to shift the blame for fabricating and spreading false rumors onto Princess Sukmyeong. * * * After the Gapsul Hwanguk, Sukjong, at the request of the Noron to console the princess, specially restored Hong Chi-sang's status, but when the Mugo Incident occurred and Sukjong's feelings toward Consort Hui Jang were poor, Hong Chi-sang's son Hong Tae-yu took advantage of this and rang a gyeongjaeng drum to request that his father's innocence and wrongful death be made public. Sukjong was enraged, revoked Hong Chi-sang's restoration, demoted him again to commoner status, and later ordered that Hong Chi-sang never be restored again. Hong Chi-sang was restored during the reign of Yeongjo, but Jeongjo also used Hong Chi-sang as an example of the evils of royal in-law relations. * * * Source: Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (Sukjong, Sukbo, Yeongjo, Jeongjo) ↩
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 20, 22 April (Muja) of the 15th year of Sukjong (28th year of Qing Kangxi, 1689) * * * Hong Chi-sang sentenced to hanging↩
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 31, 22 December (Mujin) of the 23rd year of Sukjong (36th year of Qing Kangxi, 1697) * * * Obituary of Princess Sukan * * * Princess Sukan died. The princess was the first daughter of Hyojong the Great. She was married to Ikpyeong Gun Hong Deuk-gi, and at this time she died. The king was deeply saddened, issued a memorandum to make the rules for assisting with the initial mourning and funeral uniform, based on those of Princess Sukhwi's funeral, and ordered that he would wail at the mourning house the next day. ↩
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 31, 23 December (Gisa) of the 23rd year of Sukjong (36th year of Qing Kangxi, 1697) ↩
This refers to the case in which Sukjong, rather than selecting the Right State Councillor from the candidates recommended by Right State Councillor Kim Su-hang and Left State Councillor Yi Dan-ha, appointed Jo Sa-seok, Minister of Personnel, as Right State Councillor. The candidates recommended by Kim Su-hang and Yi Dan-ha were relatives of Princess Sukan's sisters, Yeoyang Buwon-gun Min Yu-jung (father of Queen Inhyeon), Kim Su-hang (grand-uncle of Consort Yeong Kim), and Kim Man-jung (uncle of Queen Inyeong). Moreover, Hong Chi-sang, Princess Sukan's son, and Sim Jeong-bo, son of Princess Sukmyeong, were both maternal uncles-in-law of Consort Yeong Kim; therefore, as mentioned in the Veritable Records of Sukjong and the Records of Queen Inhyeon, it was no coincidence that Princess Sukan and Princess Sukmyeong urged the expulsion of Consort Hui Jang from the palace, and reviled her, even before the Gisa Hwanguk broke out. ↩
Veritable Records of Sukjong, Vol. 26, 1 April (Mujin) of the 20th year of Sukjong (33rd year of Qing Kangxi, 1694) ↩
Ikpyeong was the title of Hong Deuk-gi, husband of Princess Sukan, Ikpyeong Wi. When discussing the crimes of a married royal princess, her title was sometimes cited, but out of consideration for the king, who was her blood relative, it was sometimes replaced with her husband's title, the name of the village where she lived, her palace title (or residence name), or the name of her household or palace. ↩
Refers to Queen Inhyeon and Consort Yeong Kim. Just before this proclamation on this day, Han Seong-u, a relative of Queen Inhyeon, following Kim Chang-hyeop, Kim Man-gil, Song Ju-seok, and others, revised Yi Jing-myeong's memorial and petitioned that "following the example of Emperor Renzong of Song, who, having newly taken a woman and rejoiced, then received the loyal advice of wise ministers, felt shame, wept tears, repented, and immediately expelled the woman, the edict for Lady Jang as Sukwon, whom he had made a concubine four days earlier, should be revoked and she should be expelled at once." Thereupon, Sukjong, who until then had consistently ignored all attacks on Lady Jang, finally burst out in anger and punished Han Seong-u, and also sternly warned the senior officials who had revised Yi Jing-myeong's memorial and urged Lady Jang's expulsion from the palace (all of whom were kin of Queen Inhyeon and Consort Yeong Kim), and at the same time issued warnings to Princess Sukan (maternal aunt-in-law of Consort Yeong Kim, mother of Hong Chi-sang), Princess Sukmyeong (maternal aunt-in-law of Consort Yeong Kim, mother of Sim Jeong-bo), Princess Sukhwi (relative of Queen Inhyeon and Consort Yeong Kim), and Princess Myeong'an (relative of Queen Inhyeon and Consort Yeong Kim), who had entered the palace and urged Lady Jang's expulsion. ↩