PersonPolitics

Liu Pi (general)

The Yellow Turban Rebellion (Chinese: 黃巾之亂; pinyin: Huángjīn zhī luàn), alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in 184 AD, during the reign of Emperor Ling.

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Details

Born ~ Died: date unknown ~ 201
Date: March 184–205 AD
Location: Various locations in China
Result: Rebellion suppressed, Han victory Han dynasty heavily weakened Beginning of a state of turmoil in China

Contents

1.Background
2.Rebels
2.1.Taoist sect
2.2.Religious practices
3.Zhang Jue's plans for rebellion
4.Yellow Rebellion
4.1.You Province: Guangyang and Zhuo commanderies
4.2.Yu Province: Runan and Yingchuan commanderies
4.3.Ji Province: Wei and Julu commanderies
4.4.Jing Province: Nanyang commandery
4.5.Xu and Yang provinces
4.6.End of the rebellion
5.Resurgent Yellow Turban activities after early 185
5.1.White Wave Bandits
5.2.Yi Province: Ma Xiang and Zhao Zhi
5.3.Xu Province
5.4.Qing Province: Zhang Rao, Guan Hai, Xu He and Sima Ju
5.5.Yan Province: Cao Cao's Qingzhou Army
5.6.Runan and Yingchuan commanderies: He Yi, Liu Pi, Gong Du and others
5.7.Yang and Jiao provinces
6.Aftermath and impact
7.Involved parties
7.1.Resurgent Yellow Turban rebels
8.In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
9.In popular culture
10.References
11.Notes

The Yellow Turban Rebellion (Chinese: 黃巾之亂; pinyin: Huángjīn zhī luàn), alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion, was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in 184 AD, during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 AD, it took 21 years to fully subdue resisting areas and emerging rebellions, which was only achieved in 205 AD.¹ The weakening of the imperial court and the rising political influence of autonomous regional military-governors, who helped suppress the rebellion, eventually led to rampant warlord dominance and the resultant Three Kingdoms period.

The rebellion, which took its name from the colour of the rebels' headwear (巾 jīn, defined as more of a scarf² than a turban) marked an important point in the history of Taoism due to the rebel leaders' association with the then secret Taoist societies.³ The revolt was also used as the inciting event in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Background

By 184 AD, the Han Dynasty's central government was weakened by court eunuchs abusing their power over the emperor to enrich themselves. Twelve of the most powerful eunuchs were referred to as the Ten Attendants with Emperor Ling once claiming that "Regular Attendant Zhang Rang is my father and Regular Attendant Zhao Zhong is my mother". The government corruption was perceived as causing plagues, natural disasters, and poor agricultural yields, reflecting that the emperor had lost his .

Background

By 184 AD, the Han Dynasty's central government was weakened by court eunuchs abusing their power over the emperor to enrich themselves. Twelve of the most powerful eunuchs were referred to as the Ten Attendants with Emperor Ling once claiming that "Regular Attendant Zhang Rang is my father and Regular Attendant Zhao Zhong is my mother".⁴ The government corruption was perceived as causing plagues, natural disasters, and poor agricultural yields, reflecting that the emperor had lost his .

This page is based on “Liu Pi (general)” from English Wikipedia, (r1379207817) CC BY-SA 4.0 used under the license. The original authors are listed in its page history.

Last edited Oct 15, 2026, 2:30 PM · r70055 · Text is available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

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Smitha, Frank E. "DYNASTIC RULE and the CHINESE (9 of 13)". Macrohistory and World Timeline. Retrieved 19 February 2015. By the year 205 (21 years after it had begun) the Yellow Turban Rebellion was over, and rule by the Han family was shattered and at its end. ↩
Zhu Ruixi; Zhang Bangwei; Liu Fusheng; Cai Chongbang; Wang Zengyu (2016). A Social History of Medieval China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-1-107-16786-5. ↩
Bowker, John (1997). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. ↩
deCrespingy, Rafe (October 27, 2016). Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23-220 AD (1 ed.). Brill Publishers. pp. 388–418. ISBN 9789004325203. ↩ ↩² ↩³
Generals of the South, Rafe de Crespigny Archived 2007-09-15 at the Wayback Machine(pp. 85–92) ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
(初，鉅鹿張角自稱「大賢良師」，奉事黃老道，畜養弟子，跪拜首過，符水咒說以療病，病者頗愈，百姓信向之。角因遣弟子八人使於四方，以善道教化天下，轉相誑惑。十餘年閒，眾徒數十萬，連結郡國，自青、徐、幽、冀、荊、楊、兗、豫八州之人，莫不畢應。遂置三十六方。方猶將軍號也。大方萬餘人，小方六七千，各立渠帥。訛言「蒼天已死，黃天當立，歲在甲子，天下大吉」。以白土書京城寺門及州郡官府，皆作「甲子」字。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
Referring to the Han government ↩
Referring to the Yellow Turban Rebellion ↩
That is, at the beginning of the next cycle, i.e. 184 AD. ↩
The Scripture on Great Peace: The Taiping Jing and the Beginnings of Daoism. University of California Press. 2007. ISBN 9780520932920. ↩
W.Scott Morton (1995). China: "Its History and Culture". McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-043424-7. ↩
(中平元年，大方馬元義等先收荊、楊數萬人，期會發於鄴。元義數往來京師，以中常侍封諝、徐奉等為內應，約以三月五日內外俱起。未及作亂，而張角弟子濟南唐周上書告之，於是車裂元義於洛陽。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(靈帝以周章下三公、司隸，使鉤盾令周斌將三府掾屬，案驗宮省直衛及百姓有事角道者，誅殺千餘人，推考冀州，逐捕角等。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩
(中平元年春二月，鉅鹿人張角自稱「黃天」，其部師有三十六萬，皆著黃巾，同日反叛。安平、甘陵人各執其王以應之。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
角等知事已露，晨夜馳敕諸方，一時俱起。皆著黃巾為摽幟，角稱「天公將軍」，角弟寶稱「地公將軍」，寶弟梁稱「人公將軍」，所在燔燒官府，劫略聚邑，州郡失據，長吏多逃亡。旬日之閒，天下嚮應，京師震動。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(三月戊申，以河南尹何進為大將軍，將兵屯都亭。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(於是發天下精兵，博選將帥，以嵩為左中郎將，持節，與右中郎將朱雋，共發五校、三河騎士及募精勇，合四萬餘人，嵩、雋各統一軍，共討潁川黃巾。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(遣北中郎將盧植討張角，左中郎將皇甫嵩、右中郎將朱雋討潁川黃巾。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
(廣陽黃巾殺幽州刺史郭勳及太守劉衛。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩² ↩³
Guan Yu and Zhang Fei's biographies in the Sanguozhi did not mention their involvement in the Yellow Turban Rebellion, but it seems reasonable to assume they were, since they joined Liu Bei rather early. ↩
(靈帝末，黃巾起，州郡各舉義兵，先主率其屬從校尉鄒靖討黃巾賊有功，除安喜尉。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(中平元年，黃巾賊起，特選拜豫州刺史。 ... 討擊黃巾別帥，大破之，與左中郎將皇甫嵩、右中郎將朱雋等受降數十萬。於賊中得中常侍張讓賓客書疏，與黃巾交通，允具發其姦，以狀聞。靈帝責怒讓，讓叩頭陳謝，竟不能罪之。) Houhanshu vol. 66. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(汝南黃巾敗太守趙謙於邵陵。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(忠子祕，為郡門下議生。黃巾起，祕從太守趙謙擊之，軍敗，祕與功曹封觀等七人以身扞刃，皆死於陳，謙以得免。詔祕等門閭號曰「七賢」。) Houhanshu vol. 45. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(謝承書曰「秘字永寧。封觀與主簿陳端、門下督范仲禮、賊曹劉偉德、主記史丁子嗣、記室史張仲然、議生袁秘等七人擢刃突陳，與戰並死」也。) Annotation from Xie Cheng's Houhanshu in (Fan Ye's) Houhanshu vol. 45. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸
(中平中，黃巾賊起，郡縣皆棄城走，寵有彊弩數千張，出軍都亭。國人素聞王善射，不敢反叛，故陳獨得完，百姓歸之者眾十餘萬人。) Houhanshu vol. 76. ↩ ↩²
(會帝遣騎都尉曹操將兵適至，嵩、操與朱雋合兵更戰，大破之，斬首數萬級。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(朱雋為黃巾波才所敗。 ... 五月，皇甫嵩、朱雋復與波才等戰於長社，大破之。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩
(雋前與賊波才戰，戰敗，嵩因進保長社。波才引大眾圍城，嵩兵少，軍人皆恐，乃召軍吏謂曰：「兵有奇變，不在眾寡。今賊依草結營，易為風火。若因夜縱燒，必大驚亂。吾出兵擊之，四面俱合，田單之功可成也。」其夕遂大風，嵩乃約敕軍士皆束苣乘城，使銳士閒出圍外，縱火大呼，城上舉燎應之，嵩因鼓而奔其陳，賊驚亂奔走。 ... ) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(嵩、雋乘勝進討汝南、陳國黃巾，追波才於陽翟，擊彭脫於西華，並破之。餘賊降散，三郡悉平。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(皇甫嵩、朱雋大破汝南黃巾於西華。詔嵩討東郡，朱雋討南陽。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
([中平五年]冬十月， ... 徐黃巾復起，寇郡縣。 ... 遣下軍校尉鮑鴻討葛陂黃巾。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(盧植破黃巾，圍張角於廣宗。宦官誣奏植，抵罪。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(遣中郎將董卓攻張角，不剋。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(時北中郎將盧植及東中郎將董卓討張角，並無功而還，乃詔嵩進兵討之。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(後為護軍司馬，與左中郎皇甫嵩俱討賊張角。) Houhanshu vol. 58. ↩ ↩²
(又進擊東郡黃巾卜己於倉亭，生禽卜己，斬首七千餘級。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩
(燮軍斬賊三帥卜巳、張伯、梁仲寧等，功高為封首。) Xu Han Shu annotation in Houhanshu vol. 58. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵
(八月，皇甫嵩與黃巾戰於倉亭，獲其帥。乙巳，詔皇甫嵩北討張角。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩
(嵩與角弟梁戰於廣宗。梁眾精勇，嵩不能剋。明日，乃閉營休士，以觀其變。知賊意稍懈，乃潛夜勒兵，雞鳴馳赴其陳，戰至晡時，大破之，斬梁，獲首三萬級，赴河死者五萬許人，焚燒車重三萬餘兩，悉虜其婦子，繫獲甚眾。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩
(角先已病死，乃剖棺戮屍，傳首京師。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩
(冬十月，皇甫嵩與黃巾賊戰於廣宗，獲張角弟梁。角先死，乃戮其屍。以皇甫嵩為左車騎將軍。十一月，皇甫嵩又破黃巾于下曲陽，斬張角弟寶。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(嵩復與鉅鹿太守馮翊郭典攻角弟寶於下曲陽，又斬之。首獲十餘萬人，築京觀於城南。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(庚子，南陽黃巾張曼成攻殺郡守褚貢。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(六月，南陽太守秦頡擊張曼成，斬之。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(時南陽黃巾張曼成起兵，稱「神上使」，眾數萬，殺郡守褚貢，屯宛下百餘日。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
(後太守秦頡擊殺曼成，賊更以趙弘為帥，眾浸盛，遂十餘萬，據宛城。雋與荊州刺史徐璆及秦頡合兵萬八千人圍弘，自六月至八月不拔。有司奏欲徵雋。 ... 雋因急擊弘，斬之。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(賊餘帥韓忠復據宛拒雋。雋兵少不敵，乃張圍結壘，起土山以臨城內，因鳴鼓攻其西南，賊悉眾赴之。雋自將精卒五千，掩其東北，乘城而入。忠乃退保小城，惶懼乞降。司馬張超及徐璆、秦頡皆欲聽之。 ... 因急攻，連戰不剋。雋登土山望之， ... 既而解圍，忠果出戰，雋因擊，大破之。乘勝逐北數十里，斬首萬餘級。忠等遂降。而秦頡積忿忠，遂殺之。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵
(癸巳，朱雋拔宛城，斬黃巾別帥孫夏。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(餘眾懼不自安，復以孫夏為帥，還屯宛中。雋急攻之。夏走，追至西鄂精山，又破之。復斬萬餘級，賊遂解散。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(會徐州黃巾起，以謙為徐州刺史，擊黃巾，大破走之，境內晏然。) Houhanshu vol. 73. ↩ ↩²
(黃巾起，霸從陶謙擊破之，拜騎都尉。) Sanguozhi vol. 18. ↩ ↩²
(中平元年，黃巾賊帥張角起於魏郡，託有神靈，遣八使以善道教化天下，而潛相連結，自稱黃天泰平。三月甲子，三十六萬一旦俱發，天下響應，燔燒郡縣，殺害長吏。漢遣車騎將軍皇甫嵩、中郎將朱儁將兵討擊之。儁表請堅為佐軍司馬，鄉里少年隨在下邳者皆願從。堅又募諸商旅及淮、泗精兵，合千許人，與儁并力奮擊，所向無前。汝、潁賊困迫，走保宛城。堅身當一面，登城先入，衆乃蟻附，遂大破之。儁具以狀聞上，拜堅別部司馬。) Sanguozhi vol. 46. ↩ ↩²
(... 四遷為廬江太守。後揚州黃巾賊攻舒，焚燒城郭，續發縣中男子二十以上，皆持兵勒陳，其小弱者，悉使負水灌火，會集數萬人，并埶力戰，大破之，郡界平。) Houhanshu vol. 31. ↩ ↩²
([中平五年二月， ...]黃巾餘賊郭太等起於西河白波谷，寇太原、河東。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(魏書曰：於夫羅者，南單于子也。中平中，發匈奴兵，於夫羅率以助漢。會本國反，殺南單于，於夫羅遂將其衆留中國。因天下撓亂，與西河白波賊合，破太原、河內，抄略諸郡為寇。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩
(白波賊寇河東，董卓遣其將牛輔擊之。) Houhanshu vol. 9. ↩
(初，靈帝末，黃巾餘黨郭太等復起西河白波谷，轉寇太原，遂破河東，百姓流轉三輔，號為「白波賊」，眾十餘萬。卓遣中郎將牛輔擊之，不能卻。) Houhanshu vol. 72. ↩
(傕將楊奉本白波賊帥， ...) Houhanshu vol. 72. ↩ ↩²
(李傕、郭汜既悔令天子東，乃來救段煨，因欲劫帝而西， ... 而張濟與楊奉、董承不相平，乃反合傕、汜，共追乘輿，大戰於弘農東澗。承、奉軍敗，百官士卒死者不可勝數，皆棄其婦女輜重，御物符策典籍，略無所遺。 ... 天子遂露次曹陽。承、奉乃譎傕等與連和，而密遣閒使至河東，招故白波帥李樂、韓暹、胡才及南匈奴右賢王去卑，並率其眾數千騎來，與承、奉共擊傕等，大破之，斬首數千級，乘輿乃得進。董承、李樂擁衛左右，胡才、楊奉、韓暹、去卑為後距。傕等復來戰，奉等大敗，死者甚於東澗。) Houhanshu vol. 72. ↩ ↩² ↩³
([中平五年六月， ...]益州黃巾馬相攻殺刺史郗儉，自稱天子，又寇巴郡，殺郡守趙部，益州從事賈龍擊相，斬之。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(是時梁州逆賊馬相、趙祗等於緜竹縣自號黃巾，合聚疲役之民，一二日中得數千人，先殺緜竹令李升，吏民翕集合萬餘人，便前破雒縣，攻益州殺儉，又到蜀郡、犍為，旬月之間，破壞三郡。相自稱天子，衆以萬數。州從事賈龍素領兵數百人在犍為東界，攝斂吏民，得千餘人，攻相等，數日破走，州界清靜。) Sanguozhi vol. 31. ↩ ↩²
([中平五年]冬，十月，青、徐黄巾复起，寇郡县。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.59; the month corresponds to 7 Nov to 6 Dec 188 in the Julian calendar. ↩
(会徐州黄巾起，以谦为徐州剌史，击黄巾，破走之。) Sanguozhi, vol.08 ↩
(時黃巾寇數州，而北海最為賊衝，卓乃諷三府同舉融為北海相。融到郡，收合士民，起兵講武，馳檄飛翰，引謀州郡。賊張饒等群輩二十萬眾從冀州還，融逆擊，為饒所敗，乃收散兵保朱虛縣。) Houhanshu vol. 70. ↩ ↩²
(時黃巾復來侵暴，融乃出屯都昌，為賊管亥所圍。融逼急，乃遣東萊太史慈求救於平原相劉備。備驚曰：「孔北海乃復知天下有劉備邪？」即遣兵三千救之，賊乃散走。) Houhanshu vol. 70. ↩ ↩²
It is not known exactly when Xu He and Sima Ju were defeated and killed. Xiahou Yuan's biography in the Sanguozhi mentioned them between the time Yu Jin quelled a rebellion by Chang Xi (in 206) and 209 (14th year of the Jian'an era). ↩
(濟南、樂安黃巾徐和、司馬俱等攻城，殺長吏，淵將泰山、齊、平原郡兵擊，大破之，斬和，平諸縣，收其糧穀以給軍士。) Sanguozhi vol. 9. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(又與于禁討昌豨，與夏侯淵討黃巾餘賊徐和等，有功，遷徐州刺史。 ... 濟南黃巾徐和等，所在劫長吏，攻城邑。虔引兵與夏侯淵會擊之，前後數十戰，斬首獲生數千人。) Sanguozhi vol. 18. ↩ ↩² ↩³
([初平三年夏四月]青州黃巾衆百萬入兖州，殺任城相鄭遂，轉入東平。劉岱欲擊之，鮑信諫曰：「今賊衆百萬，百姓皆震恐，士卒無鬬志，不可敵也。觀賊衆羣輩相隨，軍無輜重，唯以鈔略為資，今不若畜士衆之力，先為固守。彼欲戰不得，攻又不能，其勢必離散，後選精銳，據其要害，擊之可破也。」岱不從，遂與戰，果為所殺。信乃與州吏萬潛等至東郡迎太祖領兖州牧。遂進兵擊黃巾於壽張東。信力戰鬬死，僅而破之。) Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩
Qingzhou refers to Qing Province, where the rebels came from. ↩
(魏書曰：太祖將步騎千餘人，行視戰地，卒抵賊營，戰不利，死者數百人，引還。賊尋前進。黃巾為賊久，數乘勝，兵皆精悍。太祖舊兵少，新兵不習練，舉軍皆懼。太祖被甲嬰冑，親巡將士，明勸賞罰，衆乃復奮，承間討擊，賊稍折退。賊乃移書太祖曰：「昔在濟南，毀壞神壇，其道乃與中黃太一同，似若知道，今更迷惑。漢行已盡，黃家當立。天之大運，非君才力所能存也。」太祖見檄書，呵之罪，數開示降路；遂設奇伏，晝夜會戰，戰輙禽獲，賊乃退走。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩
(追黃巾至濟北。乞降。冬，受降卒三十餘萬，男女百餘萬口，收其精銳者，號為青州兵。) Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩
(汝南、潁川黃巾何儀、劉辟、黃邵、何曼等，衆各數萬，初應袁術，又附孫堅。[建安元年]二月，太祖進軍討破之，斬辟、邵等，儀及其衆皆降。) Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵
又生禽黃巾大帥吳霸而降其屬。) Sanguozhi vol. 18. ↩ ↩²
([建安六年]九月，公還許。紹之未破也，使劉備略汝南，汝南賊共都等應之。遣蔡揚擊都，不利，為都所破。公南征備。備聞公自行，走奔劉表，都等皆散。) Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩ ↩²
(吳書曰：留贊字正明，會稽長山人。少為郡吏，與黃巾賊帥吳桓戰，手斬得桓。贊一足被創，遂屈不伸。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 64. ↩ ↩²
(建安七年，權表治為九真太守，行扶義將軍，割婁、由拳、無錫、毗陵為奉邑，置長吏。征討夷越，佐定東南，禽截黃巾餘類陳敗、萬秉等。) Sanguozhi vol. 56. ↩ ↩² ↩³
Michaud, Paul (1958). "The Yellow Turbans". Monumenta Serica. 17: 47–127. doi:10.1080/02549948.1958.11730973. ISSN 0254-9948. JSTOR 40725564. ↩
Fu Xie was the paternal grandfather of Fu Xuan. ↩
Yang Xu was also the paternal grandfather of Yang Hu and Yang Huiyu. ↩
Roberts, Moss (1991). Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22503-1. ↩

Smitha, Frank E. "DYNASTIC RULE and the CHINESE (9 of 13)". Macrohistory and World Timeline. Retrieved 19 February 2015. By the year 205 (21 years after it had begun) the Yellow Turban Rebellion was over, and rule by the Han family was shattered and at its end. ↩
Zhu Ruixi; Zhang Bangwei; Liu Fusheng; Cai Chongbang; Wang Zengyu (2016). A Social History of Medieval China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-1-107-16786-5. ↩
Bowker, John (1997). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. ↩
deCrespingy, Rafe (October 27, 2016). Fire Over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23-220 AD (1 ed.). Brill Publishers. pp. 388–418. ISBN 9789004325203. ↩ ↩² ↩³
Generals of the South, Rafe de Crespigny Archived 2007-09-15 at the Wayback Machine(pp. 85–92) ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
(初，鉅鹿張角自稱「大賢良師」，奉事黃老道，畜養弟子，跪拜首過，符水咒說以療病，病者頗愈，百姓信向之。角因遣弟子八人使於四方，以善道教化天下，轉相誑惑。十餘年閒，眾徒數十萬，連結郡國，自青、徐、幽、冀、荊、楊、兗、豫八州之人，莫不畢應。遂置三十六方。方猶將軍號也。大方萬餘人，小方六七千，各立渠帥。訛言「蒼天已死，黃天當立，歲在甲子，天下大吉」。以白土書京城寺門及州郡官府，皆作「甲子」字。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
Referring to the Han government ↩
Referring to the Yellow Turban Rebellion ↩
That is, at the beginning of the next cycle, i.e. 184 AD. ↩
The Scripture on Great Peace: The Taiping Jing and the Beginnings of Daoism. University of California Press. 2007. ISBN 9780520932920. ↩
W.Scott Morton (1995). China: "Its History and Culture". McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-043424-7. ↩
(中平元年，大方馬元義等先收荊、楊數萬人，期會發於鄴。元義數往來京師，以中常侍封諝、徐奉等為內應，約以三月五日內外俱起。未及作亂，而張角弟子濟南唐周上書告之，於是車裂元義於洛陽。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(靈帝以周章下三公、司隸，使鉤盾令周斌將三府掾屬，案驗宮省直衛及百姓有事角道者，誅殺千餘人，推考冀州，逐捕角等。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩
(中平元年春二月，鉅鹿人張角自稱「黃天」，其部師有三十六萬，皆著黃巾，同日反叛。安平、甘陵人各執其王以應之。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
角等知事已露，晨夜馳敕諸方，一時俱起。皆著黃巾為摽幟，角稱「天公將軍」，角弟寶稱「地公將軍」，寶弟梁稱「人公將軍」，所在燔燒官府，劫略聚邑，州郡失據，長吏多逃亡。旬日之閒，天下嚮應，京師震動。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(三月戊申，以河南尹何進為大將軍，將兵屯都亭。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(於是發天下精兵，博選將帥，以嵩為左中郎將，持節，與右中郎將朱雋，共發五校、三河騎士及募精勇，合四萬餘人，嵩、雋各統一軍，共討潁川黃巾。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(遣北中郎將盧植討張角，左中郎將皇甫嵩、右中郎將朱雋討潁川黃巾。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
(廣陽黃巾殺幽州刺史郭勳及太守劉衛。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩² ↩³
Guan Yu and Zhang Fei's biographies in the Sanguozhi did not mention their involvement in the Yellow Turban Rebellion, but it seems reasonable to assume they were, since they joined Liu Bei rather early. ↩
(靈帝末，黃巾起，州郡各舉義兵，先主率其屬從校尉鄒靖討黃巾賊有功，除安喜尉。) Sanguozhi vol. 32. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(中平元年，黃巾賊起，特選拜豫州刺史。 ... 討擊黃巾別帥，大破之，與左中郎將皇甫嵩、右中郎將朱雋等受降數十萬。於賊中得中常侍張讓賓客書疏，與黃巾交通，允具發其姦，以狀聞。靈帝責怒讓，讓叩頭陳謝，竟不能罪之。) Houhanshu vol. 66. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(汝南黃巾敗太守趙謙於邵陵。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(忠子祕，為郡門下議生。黃巾起，祕從太守趙謙擊之，軍敗，祕與功曹封觀等七人以身扞刃，皆死於陳，謙以得免。詔祕等門閭號曰「七賢」。) Houhanshu vol. 45. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(謝承書曰「秘字永寧。封觀與主簿陳端、門下督范仲禮、賊曹劉偉德、主記史丁子嗣、記室史張仲然、議生袁秘等七人擢刃突陳，與戰並死」也。) Annotation from Xie Cheng's Houhanshu in (Fan Ye's) Houhanshu vol. 45. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸
(中平中，黃巾賊起，郡縣皆棄城走，寵有彊弩數千張，出軍都亭。國人素聞王善射，不敢反叛，故陳獨得完，百姓歸之者眾十餘萬人。) Houhanshu vol. 76. ↩ ↩²
(會帝遣騎都尉曹操將兵適至，嵩、操與朱雋合兵更戰，大破之，斬首數萬級。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(朱雋為黃巾波才所敗。 ... 五月，皇甫嵩、朱雋復與波才等戰於長社，大破之。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩
(雋前與賊波才戰，戰敗，嵩因進保長社。波才引大眾圍城，嵩兵少，軍人皆恐，乃召軍吏謂曰：「兵有奇變，不在眾寡。今賊依草結營，易為風火。若因夜縱燒，必大驚亂。吾出兵擊之，四面俱合，田單之功可成也。」其夕遂大風，嵩乃約敕軍士皆束苣乘城，使銳士閒出圍外，縱火大呼，城上舉燎應之，嵩因鼓而奔其陳，賊驚亂奔走。 ... ) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(嵩、雋乘勝進討汝南、陳國黃巾，追波才於陽翟，擊彭脫於西華，並破之。餘賊降散，三郡悉平。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(皇甫嵩、朱雋大破汝南黃巾於西華。詔嵩討東郡，朱雋討南陽。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
([中平五年]冬十月， ... 徐黃巾復起，寇郡縣。 ... 遣下軍校尉鮑鴻討葛陂黃巾。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(盧植破黃巾，圍張角於廣宗。宦官誣奏植，抵罪。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(遣中郎將董卓攻張角，不剋。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(時北中郎將盧植及東中郎將董卓討張角，並無功而還，乃詔嵩進兵討之。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(後為護軍司馬，與左中郎皇甫嵩俱討賊張角。) Houhanshu vol. 58. ↩ ↩²
(又進擊東郡黃巾卜己於倉亭，生禽卜己，斬首七千餘級。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩
(燮軍斬賊三帥卜巳、張伯、梁仲寧等，功高為封首。) Xu Han Shu annotation in Houhanshu vol. 58. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵
(八月，皇甫嵩與黃巾戰於倉亭，獲其帥。乙巳，詔皇甫嵩北討張角。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩
(嵩與角弟梁戰於廣宗。梁眾精勇，嵩不能剋。明日，乃閉營休士，以觀其變。知賊意稍懈，乃潛夜勒兵，雞鳴馳赴其陳，戰至晡時，大破之，斬梁，獲首三萬級，赴河死者五萬許人，焚燒車重三萬餘兩，悉虜其婦子，繫獲甚眾。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩
(角先已病死，乃剖棺戮屍，傳首京師。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩
(冬十月，皇甫嵩與黃巾賊戰於廣宗，獲張角弟梁。角先死，乃戮其屍。以皇甫嵩為左車騎將軍。十一月，皇甫嵩又破黃巾于下曲陽，斬張角弟寶。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(嵩復與鉅鹿太守馮翊郭典攻角弟寶於下曲陽，又斬之。首獲十餘萬人，築京觀於城南。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(庚子，南陽黃巾張曼成攻殺郡守褚貢。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(六月，南陽太守秦頡擊張曼成，斬之。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(時南陽黃巾張曼成起兵，稱「神上使」，眾數萬，殺郡守褚貢，屯宛下百餘日。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
(後太守秦頡擊殺曼成，賊更以趙弘為帥，眾浸盛，遂十餘萬，據宛城。雋與荊州刺史徐璆及秦頡合兵萬八千人圍弘，自六月至八月不拔。有司奏欲徵雋。 ... 雋因急擊弘，斬之。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(賊餘帥韓忠復據宛拒雋。雋兵少不敵，乃張圍結壘，起土山以臨城內，因鳴鼓攻其西南，賊悉眾赴之。雋自將精卒五千，掩其東北，乘城而入。忠乃退保小城，惶懼乞降。司馬張超及徐璆、秦頡皆欲聽之。 ... 因急攻，連戰不剋。雋登土山望之， ... 既而解圍，忠果出戰，雋因擊，大破之。乘勝逐北數十里，斬首萬餘級。忠等遂降。而秦頡積忿忠，遂殺之。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵
(癸巳，朱雋拔宛城，斬黃巾別帥孫夏。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(餘眾懼不自安，復以孫夏為帥，還屯宛中。雋急攻之。夏走，追至西鄂精山，又破之。復斬萬餘級，賊遂解散。) Houhanshu vol. 71. ↩ ↩²
(會徐州黃巾起，以謙為徐州刺史，擊黃巾，大破走之，境內晏然。) Houhanshu vol. 73. ↩ ↩²
(黃巾起，霸從陶謙擊破之，拜騎都尉。) Sanguozhi vol. 18. ↩ ↩²
(中平元年，黃巾賊帥張角起於魏郡，託有神靈，遣八使以善道教化天下，而潛相連結，自稱黃天泰平。三月甲子，三十六萬一旦俱發，天下響應，燔燒郡縣，殺害長吏。漢遣車騎將軍皇甫嵩、中郎將朱儁將兵討擊之。儁表請堅為佐軍司馬，鄉里少年隨在下邳者皆願從。堅又募諸商旅及淮、泗精兵，合千許人，與儁并力奮擊，所向無前。汝、潁賊困迫，走保宛城。堅身當一面，登城先入，衆乃蟻附，遂大破之。儁具以狀聞上，拜堅別部司馬。) Sanguozhi vol. 46. ↩ ↩²
(... 四遷為廬江太守。後揚州黃巾賊攻舒，焚燒城郭，續發縣中男子二十以上，皆持兵勒陳，其小弱者，悉使負水灌火，會集數萬人，并埶力戰，大破之，郡界平。) Houhanshu vol. 31. ↩ ↩²
([中平五年二月， ...]黃巾餘賊郭太等起於西河白波谷，寇太原、河東。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(魏書曰：於夫羅者，南單于子也。中平中，發匈奴兵，於夫羅率以助漢。會本國反，殺南單于，於夫羅遂將其衆留中國。因天下撓亂，與西河白波賊合，破太原、河內，抄略諸郡為寇。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩
(白波賊寇河東，董卓遣其將牛輔擊之。) Houhanshu vol. 9. ↩
(初，靈帝末，黃巾餘黨郭太等復起西河白波谷，轉寇太原，遂破河東，百姓流轉三輔，號為「白波賊」，眾十餘萬。卓遣中郎將牛輔擊之，不能卻。) Houhanshu vol. 72. ↩
(傕將楊奉本白波賊帥， ...) Houhanshu vol. 72. ↩ ↩²
(李傕、郭汜既悔令天子東，乃來救段煨，因欲劫帝而西， ... 而張濟與楊奉、董承不相平，乃反合傕、汜，共追乘輿，大戰於弘農東澗。承、奉軍敗，百官士卒死者不可勝數，皆棄其婦女輜重，御物符策典籍，略無所遺。 ... 天子遂露次曹陽。承、奉乃譎傕等與連和，而密遣閒使至河東，招故白波帥李樂、韓暹、胡才及南匈奴右賢王去卑，並率其眾數千騎來，與承、奉共擊傕等，大破之，斬首數千級，乘輿乃得進。董承、李樂擁衛左右，胡才、楊奉、韓暹、去卑為後距。傕等復來戰，奉等大敗，死者甚於東澗。) Houhanshu vol. 72. ↩ ↩² ↩³
([中平五年六月， ...]益州黃巾馬相攻殺刺史郗儉，自稱天子，又寇巴郡，殺郡守趙部，益州從事賈龍擊相，斬之。) Houhanshu vol. 8. ↩ ↩²
(是時梁州逆賊馬相、趙祗等於緜竹縣自號黃巾，合聚疲役之民，一二日中得數千人，先殺緜竹令李升，吏民翕集合萬餘人，便前破雒縣，攻益州殺儉，又到蜀郡、犍為，旬月之間，破壞三郡。相自稱天子，衆以萬數。州從事賈龍素領兵數百人在犍為東界，攝斂吏民，得千餘人，攻相等，數日破走，州界清靜。) Sanguozhi vol. 31. ↩ ↩²
([中平五年]冬，十月，青、徐黄巾复起，寇郡县。) Zizhi Tongjian, vol.59; the month corresponds to 7 Nov to 6 Dec 188 in the Julian calendar. ↩
(会徐州黄巾起，以谦为徐州剌史，击黄巾，破走之。) Sanguozhi, vol.08 ↩
(時黃巾寇數州，而北海最為賊衝，卓乃諷三府同舉融為北海相。融到郡，收合士民，起兵講武，馳檄飛翰，引謀州郡。賊張饒等群輩二十萬眾從冀州還，融逆擊，為饒所敗，乃收散兵保朱虛縣。) Houhanshu vol. 70. ↩ ↩²
(時黃巾復來侵暴，融乃出屯都昌，為賊管亥所圍。融逼急，乃遣東萊太史慈求救於平原相劉備。備驚曰：「孔北海乃復知天下有劉備邪？」即遣兵三千救之，賊乃散走。) Houhanshu vol. 70. ↩ ↩²
It is not known exactly when Xu He and Sima Ju were defeated and killed. Xiahou Yuan's biography in the Sanguozhi mentioned them between the time Yu Jin quelled a rebellion by Chang Xi (in 206) and 209 (14th year of the Jian'an era). ↩
(濟南、樂安黃巾徐和、司馬俱等攻城，殺長吏，淵將泰山、齊、平原郡兵擊，大破之，斬和，平諸縣，收其糧穀以給軍士。) Sanguozhi vol. 9. ↩ ↩² ↩³
(又與于禁討昌豨，與夏侯淵討黃巾餘賊徐和等，有功，遷徐州刺史。 ... 濟南黃巾徐和等，所在劫長吏，攻城邑。虔引兵與夏侯淵會擊之，前後數十戰，斬首獲生數千人。) Sanguozhi vol. 18. ↩ ↩² ↩³
([初平三年夏四月]青州黃巾衆百萬入兖州，殺任城相鄭遂，轉入東平。劉岱欲擊之，鮑信諫曰：「今賊衆百萬，百姓皆震恐，士卒無鬬志，不可敵也。觀賊衆羣輩相隨，軍無輜重，唯以鈔略為資，今不若畜士衆之力，先為固守。彼欲戰不得，攻又不能，其勢必離散，後選精銳，據其要害，擊之可破也。」岱不從，遂與戰，果為所殺。信乃與州吏萬潛等至東郡迎太祖領兖州牧。遂進兵擊黃巾於壽張東。信力戰鬬死，僅而破之。) Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩
Qingzhou refers to Qing Province, where the rebels came from. ↩
(魏書曰：太祖將步騎千餘人，行視戰地，卒抵賊營，戰不利，死者數百人，引還。賊尋前進。黃巾為賊久，數乘勝，兵皆精悍。太祖舊兵少，新兵不習練，舉軍皆懼。太祖被甲嬰冑，親巡將士，明勸賞罰，衆乃復奮，承間討擊，賊稍折退。賊乃移書太祖曰：「昔在濟南，毀壞神壇，其道乃與中黃太一同，似若知道，今更迷惑。漢行已盡，黃家當立。天之大運，非君才力所能存也。」太祖見檄書，呵之罪，數開示降路；遂設奇伏，晝夜會戰，戰輙禽獲，賊乃退走。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩
(追黃巾至濟北。乞降。冬，受降卒三十餘萬，男女百餘萬口，收其精銳者，號為青州兵。) Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩
(汝南、潁川黃巾何儀、劉辟、黃邵、何曼等，衆各數萬，初應袁術，又附孫堅。[建安元年]二月，太祖進軍討破之，斬辟、邵等，儀及其衆皆降。) Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵
又生禽黃巾大帥吳霸而降其屬。) Sanguozhi vol. 18. ↩ ↩²
([建安六年]九月，公還許。紹之未破也，使劉備略汝南，汝南賊共都等應之。遣蔡揚擊都，不利，為都所破。公南征備。備聞公自行，走奔劉表，都等皆散。) Sanguozhi vol. 1. ↩ ↩²
(吳書曰：留贊字正明，會稽長山人。少為郡吏，與黃巾賊帥吳桓戰，手斬得桓。贊一足被創，遂屈不伸。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 64. ↩ ↩²
(建安七年，權表治為九真太守，行扶義將軍，割婁、由拳、無錫、毗陵為奉邑，置長吏。征討夷越，佐定東南，禽截黃巾餘類陳敗、萬秉等。) Sanguozhi vol. 56. ↩ ↩² ↩³
Michaud, Paul (1958). "The Yellow Turbans". Monumenta Serica. 17: 47–127. doi:10.1080/02549948.1958.11730973. ISSN 0254-9948. JSTOR 40725564. ↩
Fu Xie was the paternal grandfather of Fu Xuan. ↩
Yang Xu was also the paternal grandfather of Yang Hu and Yang Huiyu. ↩
Roberts, Moss (1991). Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel. California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22503-1. ↩

Liu Pi (general)

Background

Background

Opinions 0

Rebels

Taoist sect

Religious practices

Zhang Jue's plans for rebellion

Yellow Rebellion

You Province: Guangyang and Zhuo commanderies

Yu Province: Runan and Yingchuan commanderies

Ji Province: Wei and Julu commanderies

Jing Province: Nanyang commandery

Xu and Yang provinces

End of the rebellion

Resurgent Yellow Turban activities after early 185

White Wave Bandits

Yi Province: Ma Xiang and Zhao Zhi

Xu Province

Qing Province: Zhang Rao, Guan Hai, Xu He and Sima Ju

Yan Province: Cao Cao's Qingzhou Army

Runan and Yingchuan commanderies: He Yi, Liu Pi, Gong Du and others

Yang and Jiao provinces

Aftermath and impact

Involved parties

Resurgent Yellow Turban rebels

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

In popular culture

References

Notes

Footnotes

Sub-pages

Background

Other languages

Sub-pages

Rebels

Taoist sect

Religious practices

Zhang Jue's plans for rebellion

Yellow Rebellion

You Province: Guangyang and Zhuo commanderies

Yu Province: Runan and Yingchuan commanderies

Ji Province: Wei and Julu commanderies

Jing Province: Nanyang commandery

Xu and Yang provinces

End of the rebellion

Resurgent Yellow Turban activities after early 185

White Wave Bandits

Yi Province: Ma Xiang and Zhao Zhi

Xu Province

Qing Province: Zhang Rao, Guan Hai, Xu He and Sima Ju

Yan Province: Cao Cao's Qingzhou Army

Runan and Yingchuan commanderies: He Yi, Liu Pi, Gong Du and others

Yang and Jiao provinces

Aftermath and impact

Involved parties

Resurgent Yellow Turban rebels

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

In popular culture

References

Notes

Footnotes

Opinions 0