Ju Fashang (Chinese: 周法尚, traditional Chinese: 周法尙, 556–614) was a general of Southern Chen, Northern Zhou, and the Sui dynasty. His courtesy name was Demai (德邁), and he was a native of Anseong County in [[Runan Commandery]]. He originally served Southern Chen but defected to Northern Zhou after bei
Military Attendant of the Central Army → concurrently General Who Pacifies the Waves → Commander Pacifying the Resolute Generals concurrently Regular Attendant Cavalier-in-Attendance concurrently Administrator of Chichang Commandery → Governor of Shunzhou → Governor of Bazhou → Grand Commandant of Xingzhou concurrently Military Commissioner of the Four Prefectures → Grand Commandant of Huangzhou → Governor of Yuezhou → Grand Commandant of Yongzhou → Grand Commandant of Guizhou → Acting Administr
From a young age he enjoyed reading military texts, and he was bold and of good character. At the age of 18, he became Military Attendant of the Central Army (中兵參軍) to Chen Shuling (陳叔陵), the Prince of Shixing (始興王), and soon after was given the additional title of General Who Pacifies the Waves (伏波將軍). In 576 (8th year of Taijian), even after his father, who had been Governor of Dingzhou, died,1 he achieved several military successes in Dingzhou. He was appointed Commander Pacifying the Resolute Generals (貞毅將軍) with Imperial Envoy credentials (使持節), Regular Attendant Cavalier-in-Attendance (散騎常侍), and Administrator of Chichang Commandery (齊昌郡事), and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Shanyin County (山陰縣侯). His fief was 5,000 households.
Defection to Northern Zhou
In 579,2 Chen Shukian (陳叔堅), the Prince of Changsha (長沙王), with whom he had long been on poor terms, reported to the Emperor that Ju Fashang was plotting a rebellion and tried to have him arrested, so he fled to Northern Zhou with his followers. welcomed him warmly and appointed him Governor of Shunzhou (順州, present-day , ), Duke of Guiyi County (歸義縣公), and granted him a fief of 1,000 households, 5 s, 5 female entertainers, 500 bolts of , and even a gold belt. Southern Chen sent Fan Meng (樊猛) to attack Ju Fashang. In response, Ju secretly had one of his followers who had defected with him feign surrender. Fan Meng, mistaking the situation as Ju Fashang's men wanting to return to Southern Chen, advanced rapidly along the . Ju Fashang pretended to be frightened and crouched down, while secretly concealing fast s and elite troops. When the two armies met, Ju Fashang went ashore and fled several . Fan Meng, not realizing it was a , disembarked and pursued him. When he reached the north of Gucun (古村), ers burst out and attacked Fan Meng. As Fan Meng rushed back to his own fleet, Ju Fashang's concealed boats had already taken those ships. He crushed the enemy and captured 8,000 men.
🤖 This page was machine-translated by AI from 한국어 “주법상”. Please fix any mistakes.
This page is based on “주법상” from 한국어 위키백과, (r35545185) CC BY-SA 4.0 used under the license. The original authors are listed in its page history.
In 580 (2nd year of Daxiang), when Yang Jian became chancellor, Yuchi Jiong and others resisted him militarily.3 Sima Xiaonan (司馬消難) also responded by sending Duan Xun (段珣) to seize Shunzhou. Ju Fashang held out with difficulty for twenty days without external support, but in the end he had no choice but to abandon the city and flee. Sima Xiaonan captured Ju Fashang's family and crossed over to Southern Chen.
The fall of Southern Chen
In 581 (1st year of Kaihuang), when Yang Jian ascended as emperor and founded the Sui dynasty,3 Ju Fashang became Governor of Bazhou (巴州). Following Wang Yi (王誼), he defeated the Chen army, and was appointed Grand Commandant of Xingzhou (荊州總管) and Military Commissioner of the Four Prefectures (四州諸軍事). He was enfeoffed as Duke of Qiao Commandery (譙郡公), and his fief was increased to 2,000 households. In 585 he received as gifts a pair of gold-inlaid wine cups, 500 bolts of silk, 15 horses, 300 slaves, and a drum and flute. In 586,3 while serving as Grand Commandant of Huangzhou, he prepared for a southern campaign. In 588,4 he finally led 30,000 naval troops as Army Commander under the Prince of Qin, Yang Jun, advanced to Fankou (樊口), and defeated Xiong Menchao (熊門超), Governor of Chengzhou (城州).
In 589,4 after serving as Governor of Yuezhou (Yuezhou), he was appointed Grand Commandant of Yongzhou (永州) and pacified Lingnan. He subdued Qian Jiqing (錢季卿), Governor of Guizhou (桂州, present-day Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), a remnant of Chen; Liu Xuan (柳璿), Chancellor of Nankang (南康, present-day Ganzhou, Jiangxi); Deng Hao (鄧暠), Governor of Xiheng Prefecture (西衡州, present-day Qingyuan, Guangdong); and Mao Shuang (毛爽), Administrator of Yangshan (陽山). He destroyed Lü Ziguo (呂子廓), Governor of Dingzhou (Dingzhou), by force, and for these achievements he received many rewards, including silk, slaves, precious belts, and horses. In 590 he was transferred to Grand Commandant of Guizhou and Pacification Commissioner of Lingnan.
Suppression of rebellion
While he was at court serving as a guard, in 5974 Li Guangshi (李光仕) raised troops in Guizhou. To suppress him, Ju Fashang gathered troops from southern Lingnan, and Wang Shiji (王世積) gathered troops from northern Lingnan, and they agreed to meet at Runzhou (Yunzhou). However, Wang Shiji's soldiers contracted endemic diseases and could not descend from Xingzhou. Ju Fashang advanced alone, and Li Guangshi held out in Baishi Cave (白石洞). Ju Fashang seized the families of the rebels and told those who came down on their own that their wives and children would be returned to them. In ten days, several thousand people surrendered. He hid ambushers in the thickets and annihilated Li Guangshi, who had resisted, and executed him. As a reward, he received 150 slaves, 150 taels of gold, and 150 catties of silver.
In the Renshou era, the Yao people (獠人) of Suizhou (遂州, present-day Suining, Sichuan) rose up, and he pacified them. This time, Suizhou (巂州) suffered from the Wuman (烏蠻). When he went on an expedition, they hid in the mountains, and the campaign did not go well. He gave them false offices and pretended to withdraw about 20 li, and the leaders, becoming careless, came down and held a feast. He immediately selected several thousand infantry and cavalry, attacked them, captured several thousand, and seized more than ten thousand men and women. He received many rewards, including 20 Shu horses, and was appointed Acting Administrator of Luzhou (潞州).
The reign of Emperor Yang
When Emperor Yang ascended the throne in 604,5 he took charge as Governor of Yunzhou (雲州). In 607 (3rd year of Daye), the commandery system was revived, and Yunzhou was renamed Dingxiang Commandery (定襄郡).6 He received the title Gold and Purple Grand Master for Splendid Happiness (金紫光祿大夫). When Emperor Yang toured Yulin (楡林), he went to the temporary palace and had an audience. Yuan Shou (元壽), Director of the Grand Treasury (太府卿),7 cited the old deeds of Emperor Wu of Han and said that if 24 commanderies each dispatched one army per day at intervals of 30 li, the banners could be seen from one another, the sounds of gongs and drums would be heard across a thousand li without interruption, and the scale would be enormous. Ju Fashang disagreed, saying that if a sudden disaster occurred while moving across mountains and rivers, the army would be scattered, the front and rear would not know of it, and the roads were dangerous and distant, so they would be difficult to rescue, which was a path to defeat. He also said that if they formed a defensive formation with carts arranged like a protective wall of the Gouchen (鉤陳), protecting all sides together with the families of the Six Palaces and the officials, and at the same time used special units to launch surprise attacks, this would be like holding a fortress. If they won, they could pursue with cavalry, and if they lost, they could simply hold their position, which was an unbreakable and complete strategy. As a result, he was appointed Left Guard General (左武衛將軍) and received horses and silk.
In 608, the foreign people Xiangsiduo (向思多) of Jianan (檢安) killed Lu Yuan (鹿愿) and besieged the Governor Xiao Zao (蕭造). Ju Fashang advanced with Li Jing (李景) along a different route, defeated them at Qingjiang (淸江), and beheaded 3,000 men. He also took part in the campaign against the Tuyuhun, separately pursued and captured fugitives from the Songzhou route to Qinghai (靑海). He received many rewards, served concurrently as Governor of Dunhuang, and then was transferred as Governor of Huiling (會寧).
The Goguryeo–Sui Wars
In 612, during the Second Goguryeo–Sui War, he was in charge of the Left 10th Army (左第十軍) among the 24 armies, the Chosŏn route army (朝鮮道軍), and when Naihu'a led the naval forces of Jianghuai toward Pyongyang for a direct assault, he accompanied him as its deputy commander. He entered the Paesu (浿水, present-day Taedong River) and, when they were 60 li from Pyongyang, he decisively defeated the Goguryeo army. Naihu'a wanted to press his advantage and attack at once. Ju Fashang advised him to wait for the land army and attack in coordination, but Naihu'a did not listen and selected 40,000 men to advance on the city. King Yeongyang's brotherKo Kŏnmu lured Naihu'a into the city and annihilated him. Only Naihu'a and several thousand men barely escaped, and Ju Fashang, who had remained on the ships, reorganized the camp and received them. Afterward, he could not make any further maneuvers and remained stationed at the harbor, and when he heard of the defeat at the Salsu, he withdrew.8
In 613, during the Third Goguryeo–Sui War, he again served as Naihu'a's deputy and reached Donglai, but when Yang Xiangan rose in rebellion and the Eastern Capital (Luoyang) was in danger, he advised that they must not turn back since Emperor Yang's order had not yet arrived. Naihu'a, however, turned his army toward the Eastern Capital.9 Fortunately, an imperial edict arrived along the way, and for suppressing the rebellion together with Yuwen Shu and others, he was promoted to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness of the Right (右光祿大夫). He also fought against the peasant rebels Wang Bo (王薄) and Meng Yang (孟讓), whose power had grown enormously, based at Changbai Mountain (長白山) in Qi Commandery (齊郡). In 614, when he set out toward Goguryeo again by the Western Sea, he died of illness in the army. He was 59 years old. He was posthumously granted the title Great General of Martial Majesty (武威大將軍), and his posthumous name was Xi (僖).
《Book of Sui》 Volume 1, Imperial Annals Section 1, Gaozu Yang Jian (upper) ↩↩2↩3
《Book of Sui》 Volume 2, Imperial Annals Section 2, Gaozu Yang Jian (lower) ↩↩2↩3
《Book of Sui》 Volume 3, Imperial Annals Section 3, Yang Guang (upper) ↩
《Book of Sui》 Volume 30, Treatises Section 25, Geography (middle), Ji Dingxiang Commandery ↩
The biography of Ju Fashang states that he was Grand Councillor of the Interior, but the period when Yuan Shou went from Director of the Grand Treasury to Grand Councillor of the Interior was 608. 《Book of Sui》 Volume 3, Imperial Annals Section 3, Yang Guang (upper); Volume 63, Biographies Section 28, Yuan Shou ↩
《Zizhi Tongjian》 Volume 181, Sui Annals Section 5, Emperor Yang, Daye 8th year. This content was recorded almost verbatim in the 23rd year of King Yeongyang in Volume 20, Goguryeo Annals Section 8 of 《Samguk Sagi》. ↩
《Book of Wei》 Volume 76, Biographies Section 64, Naihu'a ↩
From a young age he enjoyed reading military texts, and he was bold and of good character. At the age of 18, he became Military Attendant of the Central Army (中兵參軍) to Chen Shuling (陳叔陵), the Prince of Shixing (始興王), and soon after was given the additional title of General Who Pacifies the Waves (伏波將軍). In 576 (8th year of Taijian), even after his father, who had been Governor of Dingzhou, died,1 he achieved several military successes in Dingzhou. He was appointed Commander Pacifying the Resolute Generals (貞毅將軍) with Imperial Envoy credentials (使持節), Regular Attendant Cavalier-in-Attendance (散騎常侍), and Administrator of Chichang Commandery (齊昌郡事), and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Shanyin County (山陰縣侯). His fief was 5,000 households.
Defection to Northern Zhou
In 579,2 Chen Shukian (陳叔堅), the Prince of Changsha (長沙王), with whom he had long been on poor terms, reported to the that Ju Fashang was plotting a and tried to have him arrested, so he fled to with his followers. welcomed him warmly and appointed him Governor of Shunzhou (順州, present-day , ), Duke of Guiyi County (歸義縣公), and granted him a fief of 1,000 households, 5 s, 5 female entertainers, 500 bolts of , and even a gold belt. Southern Chen sent Fan Meng (樊猛) to attack Ju Fashang. In response, Ju secretly had one of his followers who had defected with him feign surrender. Fan Meng, mistaking the situation as Ju Fashang's men wanting to return to Southern Chen, advanced rapidly along the . Ju Fashang pretended to be frightened and crouched down, while secretly concealing fast s and elite troops. When the two armies met, Ju Fashang went ashore and fled several . Fan Meng, not realizing it was a , disembarked and pursued him. When he reached the north of Gucun (古村), ers burst out and attacked Fan Meng. As Fan Meng rushed back to his own fleet, Ju Fashang's concealed boats had already taken those ships. He crushed the enemy and captured 8,000 men.
In 580 (2nd year of Daxiang), when Yang Jian became chancellor, Yuchi Jiong and others resisted him militarily.3 Sima Xiaonan (司馬消難) also responded by sending Duan Xun (段珣) to seize Shunzhou. Ju Fashang held out with difficulty for twenty days without external support, but in the end he had no choice but to abandon the city and flee. Sima Xiaonan captured Ju Fashang's family and crossed over to Southern Chen.
The fall of Southern Chen
In 581 (1st year of Kaihuang), when Yang Jian ascended as emperor and founded the Sui dynasty,3 Ju Fashang became Governor of Bazhou (巴州). Following Wang Yi (王誼), he defeated the Chen army, and was appointed Grand Commandant of Xingzhou (荊州總管) and Military Commissioner of the Four Prefectures (四州諸軍事). He was enfeoffed as Duke of Qiao Commandery (譙郡公), and his fief was increased to 2,000 households. In 585 he received as gifts a pair of gold-inlaid wine cups, 500 bolts of silk, 15 horses, 300 slaves, and a drum and flute. In 586,3 while serving as Grand Commandant of Huangzhou, he prepared for a southern campaign. In 588,4 he finally led 30,000 naval troops as Army Commander under the Prince of Qin, Yang Jun, advanced to Fankou (樊口), and defeated Xiong Menchao (熊門超), Governor of Chengzhou (城州).
In 589,4 after serving as Governor of Yuezhou (Yuezhou), he was appointed Grand Commandant of Yongzhou (永州) and pacified Lingnan. He subdued Qian Jiqing (錢季卿), Governor of Guizhou (桂州, present-day Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region), a remnant of Chen; Liu Xuan (柳璿), Chancellor of Nankang (南康, present-day Ganzhou, Jiangxi); Deng Hao (鄧暠), Governor of Xiheng Prefecture (西衡州, present-day Qingyuan, Guangdong); and Mao Shuang (毛爽), Administrator of Yangshan (陽山). He destroyed Lü Ziguo (呂子廓), Governor of Dingzhou (Dingzhou), by force, and for these achievements he received many rewards, including silk, slaves, precious belts, and horses. In 590 he was transferred to Grand Commandant of Guizhou and Pacification Commissioner of Lingnan.
Suppression of rebellion
While he was at court serving as a guard, in 5974 Li Guangshi (李光仕) raised troops in Guizhou. To suppress him, Ju Fashang gathered troops from southern Lingnan, and Wang Shiji (王世積) gathered troops from northern Lingnan, and they agreed to meet at Runzhou (Yunzhou). However, Wang Shiji's soldiers contracted endemic diseases and could not descend from Xingzhou. Ju Fashang advanced alone, and Li Guangshi held out in Baishi Cave (白石洞). Ju Fashang seized the families of the rebels and told those who came down on their own that their wives and children would be returned to them. In ten days, several thousand people surrendered. He hid ambushers in the thickets and annihilated Li Guangshi, who had resisted, and executed him. As a reward, he received 150 slaves, 150 taels of gold, and 150 catties of silver.
In the Renshou era, the Yao people (獠人) of Suizhou (遂州, present-day Suining, Sichuan) rose up, and he pacified them. This time, Suizhou (巂州) suffered from the Wuman (烏蠻). When he went on an expedition, they hid in the mountains, and the campaign did not go well. He gave them false offices and pretended to withdraw about 20 li, and the leaders, becoming careless, came down and held a feast. He immediately selected several thousand infantry and cavalry, attacked them, captured several thousand, and seized more than ten thousand men and women. He received many rewards, including 20 Shu horses, and was appointed Acting Administrator of Luzhou (潞州).
The reign of Emperor Yang
When Emperor Yang ascended the throne in 604,5 he took charge as Governor of Yunzhou (雲州). In 607 (3rd year of Daye), the commandery system was revived, and Yunzhou was renamed Dingxiang Commandery (定襄郡).6 He received the title Gold and Purple Grand Master for Splendid Happiness (金紫光祿大夫). When Emperor Yang toured Yulin (楡林), he went to the temporary palace and had an audience. Yuan Shou (元壽), Director of the Grand Treasury (太府卿),7 cited the old deeds of Emperor Wu of Han and said that if 24 commanderies each dispatched one army per day at intervals of 30 li, the banners could be seen from one another, the sounds of gongs and drums would be heard across a thousand li without interruption, and the scale would be enormous. Ju Fashang disagreed, saying that if a sudden disaster occurred while moving across mountains and rivers, the army would be scattered, the front and rear would not know of it, and the roads were dangerous and distant, so they would be difficult to rescue, which was a path to defeat. He also said that if they formed a defensive formation with carts arranged like a protective wall of the Gouchen (鉤陳), protecting all sides together with the families of the Six Palaces and the officials, and at the same time used special units to launch surprise attacks, this would be like holding a fortress. If they won, they could pursue with cavalry, and if they lost, they could simply hold their position, which was an unbreakable and complete strategy. As a result, he was appointed Left Guard General (左武衛將軍) and received horses and silk.
In 608, the foreign people Xiangsiduo (向思多) of Jianan (檢安) killed Lu Yuan (鹿愿) and besieged the Governor Xiao Zao (蕭造). Ju Fashang advanced with Li Jing (李景) along a different route, defeated them at Qingjiang (淸江), and beheaded 3,000 men. He also took part in the campaign against the Tuyuhun, separately pursued and captured fugitives from the Songzhou route to Qinghai (靑海). He received many rewards, served concurrently as Governor of Dunhuang, and then was transferred as Governor of Huiling (會寧).
The Goguryeo–Sui Wars
In 612, during the Second Goguryeo–Sui War, he was in charge of the Left 10th Army (左第十軍) among the 24 armies, the Chosŏn route army (朝鮮道軍), and when Naihu'a led the naval forces of Jianghuai toward Pyongyang for a direct assault, he accompanied him as its deputy commander. He entered the Paesu (浿水, present-day Taedong River) and, when they were 60 li from Pyongyang, he decisively defeated the Goguryeo army. Naihu'a wanted to press his advantage and attack at once. Ju Fashang advised him to wait for the land army and attack in coordination, but Naihu'a did not listen and selected 40,000 men to advance on the city. King Yeongyang's brotherKo Kŏnmu lured Naihu'a into the city and annihilated him. Only Naihu'a and several thousand men barely escaped, and Ju Fashang, who had remained on the ships, reorganized the camp and received them. Afterward, he could not make any further maneuvers and remained stationed at the harbor, and when he heard of the defeat at the Salsu, he withdrew.8
In 613, during the Third Goguryeo–Sui War, he again served as Naihu'a's deputy and reached Donglai, but when Yang Xiangan rose in rebellion and the Eastern Capital (Luoyang) was in danger, he advised that they must not turn back since Emperor Yang's order had not yet arrived. Naihu'a, however, turned his army toward the Eastern Capital.9 Fortunately, an imperial edict arrived along the way, and for suppressing the rebellion together with Yuwen Shu and others, he was promoted to Grand Master of Splendid Happiness of the Right (右光祿大夫). He also fought against the peasant rebels Wang Bo (王薄) and Meng Yang (孟讓), whose power had grown enormously, based at Changbai Mountain (長白山) in Qi Commandery (齊郡). In 614, when he set out toward Goguryeo again by the Western Sea, he died of illness in the army. He was 59 years old. He was posthumously granted the title Great General of Martial Majesty (武威大將軍), and his posthumous name was Xi (僖).
《Book of Sui》 Volume 1, Imperial Annals Section 1, Gaozu Yang Jian (upper) ↩↩2↩3
《Book of Sui》 Volume 2, Imperial Annals Section 2, Gaozu Yang Jian (lower) ↩↩2↩3
《Book of Sui》 Volume 3, Imperial Annals Section 3, Yang Guang (upper) ↩
《Book of Sui》 Volume 30, Treatises Section 25, Geography (middle), Ji Dingxiang Commandery ↩
The biography of Ju Fashang states that he was Grand Councillor of the Interior, but the period when Yuan Shou went from Director of the Grand Treasury to Grand Councillor of the Interior was 608. 《Book of Sui》 Volume 3, Imperial Annals Section 3, Yang Guang (upper); Volume 63, Biographies Section 28, Yuan Shou ↩
《Zizhi Tongjian》 Volume 181, Sui Annals Section 5, Emperor Yang, Daye 8th year. This content was recorded almost verbatim in the 23rd year of King Yeongyang in Volume 20, Goguryeo Annals Section 8 of 《Samguk Sagi》. ↩
《Book of Wei》 Volume 76, Biographies Section 64, Naihu'a ↩