Demosthenes — OpenHistory

PersonPolitics

Demosthenes

Demosthenes (/dɪˈmɒs.θəniːz/; Greek: Δημοσθένης, romanized: Dēmosthénēs; Attic Greek: [dɛːmostʰénɛːs]; 384 – 12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator in ancient Athens.

Born~Died 384 BCE ~ Oct 12, 322 BCELast edited Oct 15, 2026, 2:32 PM

Details

Born ~ Died: 384 BCE ~ Oct 12, 322 BCE
Born: 384 BC, Athens
Died: 12 October 322 BC (aged 62), Kalaureia, Macedon
Occupation: Logographer
Location: 37.9746, 23.8440

See this era on the big map →

Contents

1.Early years and personal life
1.1.Family and personal life
1.2.Education
1.3.Speech training
2.Career
2.1.Legal career
2.2.Early political activity
2.3.Confrontation with Philip II
2.4.Last political initiatives and death
3.Assessments
3.1.Political career
3.2.Oratorical skill
4.Rhetorical legacy
5.Works and transmission
6.

Demosthenes (/dɪˈmɒs.θəniːz/; Greek: Δημοσθένης, romanized: Dēmosthénēs; Attic Greek: [dɛːmostʰénɛːs]; 384 – 12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator in ancient Athens. His orations constitute a significant expression of contemporary Athenian intellectual prowess and provide insight into the politics and culture of ancient Greece during the 4th century BC. Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators. He delivered his first judicial speeches at the age of 20, in which he successfully argued that he should gain from his guardians what was left of his inheritance. For a time, Demosthenes made his living as a professional speechwriter (logographer) and a lawyer, writing speeches for use in private legal suits.

Demosthenes grew interested in politics during his time as a logographer, and in 354 BC he gave his first public political speeches. He went on to devote his most productive years to opposing Macedon's expansion. He idealized his city and strove throughout his life to restore Athens's supremacy and motivate his compatriots against Philip II of Macedon. He sought to preserve his city's freedom and to establish an alliance against Macedon, in an unsuccessful attempt to impede Philip's plans to expand his influence southward, conquering the Greek states.

After Philip's death, Demosthenes played a leading part in his city's uprising against the new king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great. However, his efforts failed, and the revolt was met with a harsh Macedonian reaction. To prevent a similar revolt against his own rule, Alexander's successor in this region, Antipater, sent his men to track Demosthenes down. Demosthenes killed himself to avoid being arrested by Archias of Thurii, Antipater's confidant.

The Alexandrian Canon, compiled by Aristophanes of Byzantium and , called Demosthenes one of the ten greatest and logographers. likened Demosthenes to a blazing thunderbolt and argued that he had "perfected to the utmost the tone of lofty speech, living passions, copiousness, readiness, speed." extolled him as ("the standard of oratory"). said of him that ("among them all, he excels alone"), and also praised him as "the perfect orator" who lacked nothing.

This page is based on “Demosthenes” from English Wikipedia, (r1364101193) CC BY-SA 4.0 used under the license. The original authors are listed in its page history.

Last edited Oct 15, 2026, 2:32 PM · r70379 · Text is available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Badian, Ernst (2002). "The Road to Prominence". In Worthington, Ian (ed.). Demosthenes: Statesman and Orator. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-18769-2.
Blanshard, Alastair J. L.; Sowerby, Tracey A. (Summer 2005). "Thomas Wilson's Demosthenes and the Politics of Tudor Translation". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 12 (1): 46–80. doi:10.1007/s12138-005-0010-7. JSTOR 30222776. S2CID 154402448.
Blass, Friedrich (1893). Die Attische Beredsamkeit: Demosthenes (in German). Vol. III, 1 (2nd ed.). Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
Bolansie, J. (1999). Herrmippos of Smyrna. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-11303-9.
Braund, David (2003). "The Bosporan Kings and Classical Athens" (PDF). In Bilde, Pia Guldager; Højte, Jakob Munk; Stolba, Vladimir F. (eds.). The Cauldron of Ariantas. Aarhus University Press. ISBN 978-87-7934-085-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
Burke, Edmund M. (1998). "The Looting of the Estate of the Elder Demosthenes". Classica et Mediaevalia V. 49 edited by Ole Thomsen. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-535-2.
Burke, Edmund M. (October 2002). "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes: Elite Bias in the Response to Economic Crisis". Classical Antiquity. 21 (2): 165–193. doi:10.1525/ca.2002.21.2.165. JSTOR 10.1525/ca.2002.21.2.165.
Carey, Chris (2000). Aeschines. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71223-2.
Cawkwell, George (1978). Philip II of Macedon. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10958-6.
Cohen, Edward (2002). "The Local Residents of Attica". The Athenian Nation. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09490-8.
Cox, Cheryl Anne (1998). "The Nonkinsman, the Oikos, and the Household". Household Interests: Property, Marriage Strategies, and Family Dynamics in Ancient Athens. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01572-9.
"Demosthenes". Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios (in Greek). Vol. 5. 1952.
Droysen, Johann Gustav (1999). Apostolidis, Renos; Apostolidis, Irkos; Apostolidis, Stantis (eds.). History of Alexander the Great (in Greek). Translated by Apostolidis, Renos. Credit Bank (Trapeza Pisteos). ISBN 978-960-85313-5-2.
Dunkan, Anne (2006). Performance and Identity in the Classical World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85282-1.
Engels, Johannes (1989). Studien zur politischen Biographie des Hypereides (in German). Tuduv. ISBN 978-3-88073-295-7.
Gibson, Graig A. (2002). Interpreting a Classic. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22956-3.
Goldstein, Jonathan A. (1968). The Letters of Demosthenes. Columbia University Press.
Green, Peter (1992). Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07166-7.
Habinek, Thomas N. (2004). Ancient Rhetoric and Oratory. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-23515-6.
Hamilton, J. R. (1974). Alexander the Great. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-6084-3.
Hansen, Mogens Herman (1999). The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. University of Oklahoma State. ISBN 978-0-8061-3143-6.
Harris, Edward M. (1989). "Demosthenes' Speech against Meidias". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 92: 117–136. doi:10.2307/311355. JSTOR 311355.
Hawhee, Debra (2005). Bodily Arts: Rhetoric and Athletics in Ancient Greece. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70584-5.
Innes, D. C. (2002). "Longinus and Caecilius: Models of the Sublime". Mnemosyne. Fourth Series. 55 (3): 259–284. doi:10.1163/156852502760185261. JSTOR 4433333.
Jaeger, Werner (1938). Demosthenes. Walter de Gruyter Company. ISBN 978-3-11-002527-9.
Jebb, Sir Richard Claverhouse (1876). The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos. Macmillan and Co.
Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros Against Neaira. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016390-2.
Kennedy, George A. (1985). "Oratory". In Easterling, P. E; Knox, Bernard M. W (eds.). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521210423. ISBN 978-0-521-21042-3.
Long, Fredrick J. (2004). Ancient Rhetoric and Paul's Apology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84233-4.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington (2004). "On Mitford's History of Greece". The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay Volume I. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-7417-9.
MacDowell, Douglas M. (2009). Demosthenes the Orator (digital ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160873-5.
Marcu, Valeru (2005). Men and Forces of Our Time. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-9529-5.
Murphy, James J. (2002). "Demosthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1909–1913). Beyond Good and Evil. The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1975). Lessons of Rhetoric. Plethron (from the Greek translation).
Paparrigopoulos, Constantine (1925). Karolidis, Pavlos (ed.). History of the Hellenic Nation (in Greek). Vol. Ab. Eleftheroudakis.
Peck, Harry Thurston (1898). Harper's Dictionary Of Classical Literature And Antiquities.
Phillips, David (2004). "Philip and Athens". Athenian Political Oratory: 16 Key Speeches. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-96609-2.
Pickard, A. W. (2003). Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom 384–322 B.C. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-59333-030-9.
Phillips, David (2004). Athenian Political Oratory. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-96609-2.
Romilly de, Jacqueline (1996). A Short History of Greek Literature. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8206-9.
Romilly de, Jacqueline (2001). Ancient Greece against Violence (translated in Greek). To Asty. ISBN 978-960-86331-5-5.
Rebhorn, Wayne A. (1999). Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-226-14312-5.
Rhodes, P. J. (2005). "Philip II of Macedon". A History of the Classical Greek World. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22564-5.
Rose, M. L. (2003). The Staff of Oedipus. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11339-2.
Schaefer, Arnold (1885). Demosthenes und seine Zeit (in German). Third Volume. B. G. Teubner.
Slusser, G. (1999). "Ender's Game". Nursery Realms edited by G. Westfahl. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-2144-8.
Burke, Edmund (1998). Thomson, Ole (ed.). "The Looting of the Estate of the Elder Demosthenes". Classica et Mediaevalia – Revue Danoise de Philologie et d'Histoire. 49. Museum Tusculanum Press: 45–66. ISBN 978-87-7289-535-2. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
Trapp, Michael (2003). Greek and Latin Letters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49943-9.
Tritle, Lawrence A. (1997). The Greek World in the Fourth Century. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-10583-5.
Tsatsos, Konstantinos (1975). Demosthenes. Estia (in Greek).
Usher, Stephen (1999). "Demosthenes Symboulos". Greek Oratory: Tradition and Originality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815074-9.
Van Tongeren, Paul J. M. (1999). Reinterpreting Modern Culture: An Introduction to Friedrich Nietzsche's Philosophy. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-156-8.
Vince, J. H. (1930). "Preface". Demosthenes Orations Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library.
Weil, Henri (1975). Biography of Demosthenes in "Demosthenes' Orations". Papyros (from the Greek translation).
Westwood, Guy (2020). The Rhetoric of the Past in Demosthenes and Aeschines. Oxford University Press.
Whitehead, David (2000). Hypereides: the Forensic Speeches. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815218-7.
Wooten, Cecil (October–November 1977). "Cicero's Reactions to Demosthenes: A Clarification". The Classical Journal. 73 (1): 37–43. JSTOR 3296953.
Worman, Nancy (Spring 2004). "Insult and Oral Excess in the Disputes between Aeschines and Demosthenes". The American Journal of Philology. 125 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1353/ajp.2004.0011. JSTOR 1562208. S2CID 163140669.
Worthington, Ian (2003). Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-29187-3.
Worthington, Ian (2004). "Oral Performance in the Athenian Assembly and the Demosthenic Prooemia". Oral Performance and its Context edited by C.J. MacKie. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-13680-9.
Worthington, Ian (1986). "The Chronology of the Harpalus Affair". Symbolae Osloenses. 61 (1): 63–76. doi:10.1080/00397678608590798.
Yunis, Harvey (2001). Demosthenes: On the Crown. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62930-0.
Yunis, Harvey (2005). "The Rhetoric of Law in Fourth-Century Athens". The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law edited by Michael Gagarin, David Cohen. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81840-7.

Longinus, On the Sublime, 12.4, 34.4 * D. C. Innes, 'Longinus and Caecilius", 277–279. ↩
Cicero, Brutus, 35 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Orator, II.6 Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine; Quintillian, Institutiones, X, 1.76 Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D. C. Innes, 'Longinus and Caecilius", 277. ↩
H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 5–6. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 171. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩²
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 11. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 172. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
E. Burke, The Looting of the Estate of the Elder Demosthenes, 61. ↩
"Demosthenes – Greek statesman and orator". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ↩
Demosthenes. Against Aphobus 1. 4. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. ↩
D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 3. ↩ ↩²
Demosthenes. Against Aphobus 1. 6. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. ↩
Demosthenes. Against Aphobus 3. 59. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 18. ↩
Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes, 847c. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 77. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩² ↩³
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 162. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Aeschines, On the Embassy, 149 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, XIII, 63. ↩
C. A. Cox, Household Interests, 202. ↩
Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge (1914). Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom (PDF). London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 15. Retrieved 20 May 2025. ↩
D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 3 (passim); "Demosthenes". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 5.1–3. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
F. Nietzsche, Lessons of Rhetoric, 233–235; K. Paparregopoulus, Ab, 396–398. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 5.5. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Lucian, Demosthenes, An Encomium, 12. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 5.4. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
R. C. Jebb, The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
Suda, article Isaeus. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 83. ↩
Lucian, The Illiterate Book-Fancier, 4. ↩
H. Weil, Biography of Demothenes, 10–11. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 6.3. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩²
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 6.4. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 7.1. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 211, note 180. ↩
Aeschines, Against Timarchus, 126 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy, 99. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 6–7. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Cicero, De Oratore, 3.213 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 517–18. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 16. ↩ ↩²
Demosthenes, Against Zenothemis, 32 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * G. Kennedy, Greek Literature, 514. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 498–500 * H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 263 (note 275). ↩
J Vince, Demosthenes Orations, Intro. xii. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 173 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy, 165. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 15. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 516. ↩
A. W. Pickard, Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom, xiv–xv. ↩
Packard Humanities Institute, IG Π2 1612.301-10 Archived 16 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine * H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 167. ↩
S. Usher, Greek Oratory, 226. ↩ ↩²
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 177–178. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 29–30. ↩
J. De Romilly, A Short History of Greek Literature, 116–117. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 7 (pr.). ↩
E. M. Harris, "Demosthenes' Speech against Meidias", 117–118; J. H. Vince, Demosthenes Orations, I, Intro. xii; N. Worman, "Insult and Oral Excess", 1–2. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 9, 22. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 187. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 29–30; K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 88. ↩
E.M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 174–175. ↩
E.M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 180–183. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 180, 183 (note 91); T. N. Habinek, Ancient Rhetoric and Oratory, 21; D. Phillips, Athenian Political Oratory, 72. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 36. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 181–182. ↩
M.H. Hansen, The Athenian Democracy, 177. ↩
D. Phillips, Athenian Political Oratory, 69. ↩
Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates, 121. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Demosthenes, For the Liberty of the Rhodians, 24. ↩
Demosthenes, First Philippic, 17; On the False Embassy, 319 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 184 (note 92). ↩
Demosthenes, First Philippic, 11 * G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 519–520. ↩
Demosthenes, First Philippic, 10. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 183–184. ↩
First Philippic 28, cited by J. H. Vince, pp. 84–85 note a. ↩
Demosthenes, First Olynthiac, 3; Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac, 3 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 185. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Peace, 5 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 185–187. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Peace, 5 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 174 (note 47). ↩
Demosthenes, Against Meidias, 78–80. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
H. Yunis, The Rhetoric of Law in 4th Century Athens, 206. ↩
Demosthenes, Against Meidias, 223. Archived 17 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 56 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 187. ↩
Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy, 34 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12. ↩
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 15 * G. Cawkwell, Philip II of Macedon, 102–103. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 25–27 * G. Cawkwell, Philip II of Macedon, 102–103. ↩ ↩²
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 30 * G. Cawkwell, Philip II of Macedon, 102–103. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 31 * G. Cawkwell, Philip II of Macedon, 102–105; D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 36; Demosthenes, On the Peace, 10 * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 43. ↩
Demosthenes, On the False Embassy, 111–113 * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 188–189. ↩
Demosthenes, Second Philippic, 19. ↩
T. Buckley, Aspects of Greek History 750–323 BC, 480. ↩
Pseudo-Plutarch, Aeschines, 840c * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12 (in fine). ↩
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 17. ↩
Demosthenes (or Hegesippus), On Halonnesus, 18–23 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D.M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 13. ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 245. ↩
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 65 * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 13. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 149, 150, 151 * C. Carey, Aeschines, 7–8. ↩
C. Carey, Aeschines, 7–8, 11. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 152 * K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 283; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 41–42. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 153 * K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 284–285; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 41–42. ↩
P.J. Rhodes, A History of the Classical World, 317. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 18.3 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 284–285. ↩
Diodorus, Library, XVI, 87. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 285, 299. ↩
L.A. Tritle, The Greek World in the Fourth Century, 123. ↩
P. Green, Alexander of Macedon, 119. ↩
Thirlwall, Connop (1839). A History of Greece by the Rev. Connop Thirlwall. Vol. 6. Longman, Rees, Orme, Green & Longman, Paternoster-Row and John Taylor. ↩
Demades, On the Twelve Years, 17 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * J. R. Hamilton, Alexander the Great, 48. ↩
Plutarch, Phocion, 17. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
"Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, §160". ↩
"Harpokration, Lexicon of the Ten Orators, § m6". ↩ ↩²
"Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes, §23". ↩ ↩²
"Advice to Young Men on Greek Literature, Basil of Caesarea, § 8". ↩
Grote, George (1856). A history of Greece, Volume 12. London: John Murray. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 301; "Demosthenes". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 321. ↩
A. Duncan, Performance and Identity in the Classical World, 70. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 25.3. Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 26.1. Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Hansen, Mogens (1991). The Athenian democracy in the age of Demosthenes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 274–5. ISBN 978-0-8061-3143-6. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 29. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩²
Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes, 847d. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 13.1. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩²
Polybius, Histories, 18, 14. Archived 30 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine ↩
K. Paparregopoulus, Ab, 396–398. ↩
C. Carey, Aeschines, 12–14. ↩ ↩² ↩³
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 318–326. ↩ ↩²
A.W. Pickard, Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom , 490. ↩
J. De Romilly, A Short History of Greek Literature, 120–122. ↩ ↩² ↩³
T.B. Macaulay, On Mitford's History of Greece, 136. ↩ ↩²
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 30 * C.Carey, Aeschines, 12–14; K. Paparregopoulus, Ab, 396–398. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 514–515. ↩
Cicero, Orator, 76–101 Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine; Dionysius, On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes, 46 * C. Wooten, "Cicero's Reactions to Demosthenes", 39. ↩
H. T. Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩² ↩³
W. Jaeger, Demosthenes, 123–124. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 519. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 166. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Dionysius, On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes, 56; Quintillian, Institutiones, VI, 3.2. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Cicero, Orator, 104 Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Cicero, 24.4 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D.C. Innes, "Longinus and Caecilius", 262 (note 10). ↩
J. Bollansie, Hermippos of Smyrna, 415. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 8.1–4. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
C. Wooten, "Cicero's Reactions to Demosthenes", 38–40. ↩
Cicero, Brutus, 38 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 142. ↩
F. Nietzsche, Lessons of Rhetoric, 233–235. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 238 (note 232). ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 139 Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Demosthenes, 9–11. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Mader, Gottfried (2007). "Foresight, Hindsight, and the Rhetoric of Self-Fashioning in Demosthenes' Philippic Cycle". Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric. 25 (4): 339–360. doi:10.1525/rh.2007.25.4.339. S2CID 145293706. ↩
Wooten, Cecil (1999). "A Triple Division in Demosthenes". Classical Philology. 94 (4): 450–454. doi:10.1086/449458. S2CID 162267631. ↩
Grenville Kleiser, Great Speeches, p 124 ↩
"Demosthenes". Encyclopedia. 23 May 2018. ↩
D.C. Innes, 'Longinus and Caecilius", passim. ↩
Juvenal, Satura, X, 119. ↩
C. Wooten, "Cicero's Reactions to Demosthenes", 37. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 3. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
A. J. L. Blanshard & T. A. Sowerby, "Thomas Wilson's Demosthenes", 46–47, 51–55; "Demosthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002. ↩
G. Gibson, Interpreting a Classic, 1. ↩
W. A. Rebhorn, Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric, 139, 167, 258. ↩
A. J. L. Blanshard & T. A. Sowerby, "Thomas Wilson's Demosthenes", 46–47, 51–55. ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 352. ↩
V. Marcu, Men and Forces of Our Time, 32. ↩
F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 247 * P. J. M. Van Tongeren, Reinterpreting Modern Culture, 92. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 26; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 66–67. ↩
However, the speeches that Demosthenes "published" might have differed from the original speeches that were actually delivered (there are indications that he rewrote them with readers in mind) and therefore it is possible also that he "published" different versions of any one speech, differences that could have impacted on the Alexandrian edition of his works and thus on all subsequent editions down to the present day. See H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 26–27. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 28. ↩
F. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, III, 1, 60. ↩
C. A. Gibson, Interpreting a Classic, 1; K. A. Kapparis, Apollodoros against Neaira, 62. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 500. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 514. ↩
G Kennedy, "Oratory", 510. ↩
I. Worthington, Oral Performance, 135. ↩
"Demosthenes". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952.; F. Blass, Die Attische Beredsamkeit, III, 1, 281–287. ↩
Sheehan, Matt (15 March 2003). ""Demosthenian, Notes from a Polite New Yorker"". Knot Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. ↩
"Demosthenesia A.C.Sm. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ↩
Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. S2CID 187926901. Retrieved 1 January 2021. ↩
E. Cohen, The Athenian Nation, 76. ↩
E. Cohen, The Athenian Nation, 76; "Demosthenes". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952. ↩
E. M. Burke, The Looting of the Estates of the Elder Demosthenes, 63. ↩
D. Braund, "The Bosporan Kings and Classical Athens", 200. ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 86. ↩
F. Nietzsche, Lessons of Rhetoric, 65. ↩
Suda, article Demosthenes. ↩
Cicero, Brutus, 121 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Quintilian, Institutiones, XII, 2.22. Archived 29 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 84; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 10–11. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 4.4 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D. Hawhee, Bodily Arts, 156. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 4.4 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * M. L. Rose, The Staff of Oedipus, 57. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 211 (note 180). ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 4.5. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
"Demosthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.; K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 90; H. Weil, Biography of Demothenes, 17. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 175, 185. ↩
Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic, 35–45 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 188. ↩
Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac, 16 and 24; Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 31 * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 13; I. Worthington, Alexander the Great, 21. ↩
D.M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 13 * K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 258. ↩
J. H. Vince, Demosthenes I, 242–243. ↩
Demosthenes, Philip's Letter to Athenians, Speeches, 12.6 Archived 4 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine: "This is the most amazing exploit of all; for, before the king [Artaxerxes III] reduced Egypt and Phoenicia, you passed a decree calling on me to make common cause with the rest of the Greeks against him, in case he attempted to interfere with us". ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 52 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Demosthenes, 12.2 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * E.M. Harris, "Demosthenes' Speech against Meidias", 118. ↩
E.M. Harris, "Demosthenes' Speech against Meidias", passim; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 28. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 20; Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes, 845ff. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 239–240 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Dinarcus, Against Demosthenes, 18–21. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
I. Apostolidis, note 1219 in J.G. Droysen, History of Alexander the Great, 719–720; J. Engels, Hypereides, 308–313; I. Worthington, Harpalus Affair, passim. ↩
Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.33. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 25.4. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
I. Apostolidis, note 1229 (with further references), in J. G. Droysen, History of Alexander the Great, 725; K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 307–309. ↩
F. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, III, 1, 404–406 and 542–546. ↩
A. Schaefer, Demosthenes und seine Zeit, III, 111, 178, 247 and 257; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 66–67. ↩
J. H. Vince, Demosthenes Orations, 268, 317, 353, 463. ↩
F. J. Long, Ancient Rhetoric and Paul's Apology, 102; M. Trap, Greek and Latin Letters, 12. ↩
J. A. Goldstein, The Letters of Demosthenes, 93. ↩

Badian, Ernst (2002). "The Road to Prominence". In Worthington, Ian (ed.). Demosthenes: Statesman and Orator. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-18769-2.
Blanshard, Alastair J. L.; Sowerby, Tracey A. (Summer 2005). "Thomas Wilson's Demosthenes and the Politics of Tudor Translation". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 12 (1): 46–80. doi:10.1007/s12138-005-0010-7. JSTOR 30222776. S2CID 154402448.
Blass, Friedrich (1893). Die Attische Beredsamkeit: Demosthenes (in German). Vol. III, 1 (2nd ed.). Leipzig: B. G. Teubner.
Bolansie, J. (1999). Herrmippos of Smyrna. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-11303-9.
Braund, David (2003). "The Bosporan Kings and Classical Athens" (PDF). In Bilde, Pia Guldager; Højte, Jakob Munk; Stolba, Vladimir F. (eds.). The Cauldron of Ariantas. Aarhus University Press. ISBN 978-87-7934-085-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
Burke, Edmund M. (1998). "The Looting of the Estate of the Elder Demosthenes". Classica et Mediaevalia V. 49 edited by Ole Thomsen. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-7289-535-2.
Burke, Edmund M. (October 2002). "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes: Elite Bias in the Response to Economic Crisis". Classical Antiquity. 21 (2): 165–193. doi:10.1525/ca.2002.21.2.165. JSTOR 10.1525/ca.2002.21.2.165.
Carey, Chris (2000). Aeschines. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-71223-2.
Cawkwell, George (1978). Philip II of Macedon. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10958-6.
Cohen, Edward (2002). "The Local Residents of Attica". The Athenian Nation. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09490-8.
Cox, Cheryl Anne (1998). "The Nonkinsman, the Oikos, and the Household". Household Interests: Property, Marriage Strategies, and Family Dynamics in Ancient Athens. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01572-9.
"Demosthenes". Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios (in Greek). Vol. 5. 1952.
Droysen, Johann Gustav (1999). Apostolidis, Renos; Apostolidis, Irkos; Apostolidis, Stantis (eds.). History of Alexander the Great (in Greek). Translated by Apostolidis, Renos. Credit Bank (Trapeza Pisteos). ISBN 978-960-85313-5-2.
Dunkan, Anne (2006). Performance and Identity in the Classical World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85282-1.
Engels, Johannes (1989). Studien zur politischen Biographie des Hypereides (in German). Tuduv. ISBN 978-3-88073-295-7.
Gibson, Graig A. (2002). Interpreting a Classic. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22956-3.
Goldstein, Jonathan A. (1968). The Letters of Demosthenes. Columbia University Press.
Green, Peter (1992). Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07166-7.
Habinek, Thomas N. (2004). Ancient Rhetoric and Oratory. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-23515-6.
Hamilton, J. R. (1974). Alexander the Great. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-8229-6084-3.
Hansen, Mogens Herman (1999). The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes. University of Oklahoma State. ISBN 978-0-8061-3143-6.
Harris, Edward M. (1989). "Demosthenes' Speech against Meidias". Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 92: 117–136. doi:10.2307/311355. JSTOR 311355.
Hawhee, Debra (2005). Bodily Arts: Rhetoric and Athletics in Ancient Greece. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70584-5.
Innes, D. C. (2002). "Longinus and Caecilius: Models of the Sublime". Mnemosyne. Fourth Series. 55 (3): 259–284. doi:10.1163/156852502760185261. JSTOR 4433333.
Jaeger, Werner (1938). Demosthenes. Walter de Gruyter Company. ISBN 978-3-11-002527-9.
Jebb, Sir Richard Claverhouse (1876). The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos. Macmillan and Co.
Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). Apollodoros Against Neaira. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-016390-2.
Kennedy, George A. (1985). "Oratory". In Easterling, P. E; Knox, Bernard M. W (eds.). The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521210423. ISBN 978-0-521-21042-3.
Long, Fredrick J. (2004). Ancient Rhetoric and Paul's Apology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84233-4.
Macaulay, Thomas Babington (2004). "On Mitford's History of Greece". The Miscellaneous Writings and Speeches of Lord Macaulay Volume I. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4191-7417-9.
MacDowell, Douglas M. (2009). Demosthenes the Orator (digital ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-160873-5.
Marcu, Valeru (2005). Men and Forces of Our Time. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-9529-5.
Murphy, James J. (2002). "Demosthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1909–1913). Beyond Good and Evil. The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1975). Lessons of Rhetoric. Plethron (from the Greek translation).
Paparrigopoulos, Constantine (1925). Karolidis, Pavlos (ed.). History of the Hellenic Nation (in Greek). Vol. Ab. Eleftheroudakis.
Peck, Harry Thurston (1898). Harper's Dictionary Of Classical Literature And Antiquities.
Phillips, David (2004). "Philip and Athens". Athenian Political Oratory: 16 Key Speeches. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-96609-2.
Pickard, A. W. (2003). Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom 384–322 B.C. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 978-1-59333-030-9.
Phillips, David (2004). Athenian Political Oratory. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-96609-2.
Romilly de, Jacqueline (1996). A Short History of Greek Literature. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8206-9.
Romilly de, Jacqueline (2001). Ancient Greece against Violence (translated in Greek). To Asty. ISBN 978-960-86331-5-5.
Rebhorn, Wayne A. (1999). Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-226-14312-5.
Rhodes, P. J. (2005). "Philip II of Macedon". A History of the Classical Greek World. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22564-5.
Rose, M. L. (2003). The Staff of Oedipus. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11339-2.
Schaefer, Arnold (1885). Demosthenes und seine Zeit (in German). Third Volume. B. G. Teubner.
Slusser, G. (1999). "Ender's Game". Nursery Realms edited by G. Westfahl. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-2144-8.
Burke, Edmund (1998). Thomson, Ole (ed.). "The Looting of the Estate of the Elder Demosthenes". Classica et Mediaevalia – Revue Danoise de Philologie et d'Histoire. 49. Museum Tusculanum Press: 45–66. ISBN 978-87-7289-535-2. Retrieved 8 October 2006.
Trapp, Michael (2003). Greek and Latin Letters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49943-9.
Tritle, Lawrence A. (1997). The Greek World in the Fourth Century. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-10583-5.
Tsatsos, Konstantinos (1975). Demosthenes. Estia (in Greek).
Usher, Stephen (1999). "Demosthenes Symboulos". Greek Oratory: Tradition and Originality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815074-9.
Van Tongeren, Paul J. M. (1999). Reinterpreting Modern Culture: An Introduction to Friedrich Nietzsche's Philosophy. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-156-8.
Vince, J. H. (1930). "Preface". Demosthenes Orations Vol. 1. Loeb Classical Library.
Weil, Henri (1975). Biography of Demosthenes in "Demosthenes' Orations". Papyros (from the Greek translation).
Westwood, Guy (2020). The Rhetoric of the Past in Demosthenes and Aeschines. Oxford University Press.
Whitehead, David (2000). Hypereides: the Forensic Speeches. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815218-7.
Wooten, Cecil (October–November 1977). "Cicero's Reactions to Demosthenes: A Clarification". The Classical Journal. 73 (1): 37–43. JSTOR 3296953.
Worman, Nancy (Spring 2004). "Insult and Oral Excess in the Disputes between Aeschines and Demosthenes". The American Journal of Philology. 125 (1): 1–25. doi:10.1353/ajp.2004.0011. JSTOR 1562208. S2CID 163140669.
Worthington, Ian (2003). Alexander the Great: A Reader. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-29187-3.
Worthington, Ian (2004). "Oral Performance in the Athenian Assembly and the Demosthenic Prooemia". Oral Performance and its Context edited by C.J. MacKie. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-13680-9.
Worthington, Ian (1986). "The Chronology of the Harpalus Affair". Symbolae Osloenses. 61 (1): 63–76. doi:10.1080/00397678608590798.
Yunis, Harvey (2001). Demosthenes: On the Crown. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62930-0.
Yunis, Harvey (2005). "The Rhetoric of Law in Fourth-Century Athens". The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law edited by Michael Gagarin, David Cohen. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81840-7.

Longinus, On the Sublime, 12.4, 34.4 * D. C. Innes, 'Longinus and Caecilius", 277–279. ↩
Cicero, Brutus, 35 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Orator, II.6 Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine; Quintillian, Institutiones, X, 1.76 Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D. C. Innes, 'Longinus and Caecilius", 277. ↩
H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 5–6. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 171. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩²
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 11. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 172. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
E. Burke, The Looting of the Estate of the Elder Demosthenes, 61. ↩
"Demosthenes – Greek statesman and orator". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018. ↩
Demosthenes. Against Aphobus 1. 4. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. ↩
D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 3. ↩ ↩²
Demosthenes. Against Aphobus 1. 6. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. ↩
Demosthenes. Against Aphobus 3. 59. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 18. ↩
Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes, 847c. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 77. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩² ↩³
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 162. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Aeschines, On the Embassy, 149 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, XIII, 63. ↩
C. A. Cox, Household Interests, 202. ↩
Arthur Wallace Pickard-Cambridge (1914). Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom (PDF). London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 15. Retrieved 20 May 2025. ↩
D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 3 (passim); "Demosthenes". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 5.1–3. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
F. Nietzsche, Lessons of Rhetoric, 233–235; K. Paparregopoulus, Ab, 396–398. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 5.5. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Lucian, Demosthenes, An Encomium, 12. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 5.4. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
R. C. Jebb, The Attic Orators from Antiphon to Isaeos. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
Suda, article Isaeus. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 83. ↩
Lucian, The Illiterate Book-Fancier, 4. ↩
H. Weil, Biography of Demothenes, 10–11. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 6.3. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩²
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 6.4. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 7.1. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 211, note 180. ↩
Aeschines, Against Timarchus, 126 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy, 99. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 6–7. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Cicero, De Oratore, 3.213 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 517–18. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 16. ↩ ↩²
Demosthenes, Against Zenothemis, 32 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * G. Kennedy, Greek Literature, 514. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 498–500 * H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 263 (note 275). ↩
J Vince, Demosthenes Orations, Intro. xii. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 173 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy, 165. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 15. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 516. ↩
A. W. Pickard, Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom, xiv–xv. ↩
Packard Humanities Institute, IG Π2 1612.301-10 Archived 16 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine * H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 167. ↩
S. Usher, Greek Oratory, 226. ↩ ↩²
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 177–178. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 29–30. ↩
J. De Romilly, A Short History of Greek Literature, 116–117. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 7 (pr.). ↩
E. M. Harris, "Demosthenes' Speech against Meidias", 117–118; J. H. Vince, Demosthenes Orations, I, Intro. xii; N. Worman, "Insult and Oral Excess", 1–2. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 9, 22. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 187. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 29–30; K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 88. ↩
E.M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 174–175. ↩
E.M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 180–183. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 180, 183 (note 91); T. N. Habinek, Ancient Rhetoric and Oratory, 21; D. Phillips, Athenian Political Oratory, 72. ↩
E. Badian, "The Road to Prominence", 36. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 181–182. ↩
M.H. Hansen, The Athenian Democracy, 177. ↩
D. Phillips, Athenian Political Oratory, 69. ↩
Demosthenes, Against Aristocrates, 121. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Demosthenes, For the Liberty of the Rhodians, 24. ↩
Demosthenes, First Philippic, 17; On the False Embassy, 319 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 184 (note 92). ↩
Demosthenes, First Philippic, 11 * G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 519–520. ↩
Demosthenes, First Philippic, 10. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 183–184. ↩
First Philippic 28, cited by J. H. Vince, pp. 84–85 note a. ↩
Demosthenes, First Olynthiac, 3; Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac, 3 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 185. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Peace, 5 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 185–187. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Peace, 5 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 174 (note 47). ↩
Demosthenes, Against Meidias, 78–80. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
H. Yunis, The Rhetoric of Law in 4th Century Athens, 206. ↩
Demosthenes, Against Meidias, 223. Archived 17 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 56 * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 187. ↩
Aeschines, The Speech on the Embassy, 34 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12. ↩
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 15 * G. Cawkwell, Philip II of Macedon, 102–103. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 25–27 * G. Cawkwell, Philip II of Macedon, 102–103. ↩ ↩²
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 30 * G. Cawkwell, Philip II of Macedon, 102–103. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 31 * G. Cawkwell, Philip II of Macedon, 102–105; D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 36; Demosthenes, On the Peace, 10 * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 43. ↩
Demosthenes, On the False Embassy, 111–113 * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 188–189. ↩
Demosthenes, Second Philippic, 19. ↩
T. Buckley, Aspects of Greek History 750–323 BC, 480. ↩
Pseudo-Plutarch, Aeschines, 840c * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 12 (in fine). ↩
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 17. ↩
Demosthenes (or Hegesippus), On Halonnesus, 18–23 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D.M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 13. ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 245. ↩
Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 65 * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 13. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 149, 150, 151 * C. Carey, Aeschines, 7–8. ↩
C. Carey, Aeschines, 7–8, 11. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 152 * K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 283; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 41–42. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 153 * K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 284–285; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 41–42. ↩
P.J. Rhodes, A History of the Classical World, 317. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 18.3 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 284–285. ↩
Diodorus, Library, XVI, 87. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 285, 299. ↩
L.A. Tritle, The Greek World in the Fourth Century, 123. ↩
P. Green, Alexander of Macedon, 119. ↩
Thirlwall, Connop (1839). A History of Greece by the Rev. Connop Thirlwall. Vol. 6. Longman, Rees, Orme, Green & Longman, Paternoster-Row and John Taylor. ↩
Demades, On the Twelve Years, 17 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * J. R. Hamilton, Alexander the Great, 48. ↩
Plutarch, Phocion, 17. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
"Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, §160". ↩
"Harpokration, Lexicon of the Ten Orators, § m6". ↩ ↩²
"Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes, §23". ↩ ↩²
"Advice to Young Men on Greek Literature, Basil of Caesarea, § 8". ↩
Grote, George (1856). A history of Greece, Volume 12. London: John Murray. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 301; "Demosthenes". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952. ↩
Demosthenes, On the Crown, 321. ↩
A. Duncan, Performance and Identity in the Classical World, 70. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 25.3. Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 26.1. Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Hansen, Mogens (1991). The Athenian democracy in the age of Demosthenes. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 274–5. ISBN 978-0-8061-3143-6. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 29. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩²
Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes, 847d. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 13.1. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩²
Polybius, Histories, 18, 14. Archived 30 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine ↩
K. Paparregopoulus, Ab, 396–398. ↩
C. Carey, Aeschines, 12–14. ↩ ↩² ↩³
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 318–326. ↩ ↩²
A.W. Pickard, Demosthenes and the Last Days of Greek Freedom , 490. ↩
J. De Romilly, A Short History of Greek Literature, 120–122. ↩ ↩² ↩³
T.B. Macaulay, On Mitford's History of Greece, 136. ↩ ↩²
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 30 * C.Carey, Aeschines, 12–14; K. Paparregopoulus, Ab, 396–398. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 514–515. ↩
Cicero, Orator, 76–101 Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine; Dionysius, On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes, 46 * C. Wooten, "Cicero's Reactions to Demosthenes", 39. ↩
H. T. Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩ ↩² ↩³
W. Jaeger, Demosthenes, 123–124. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 519. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 166. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Dionysius, On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes, 56; Quintillian, Institutiones, VI, 3.2. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Cicero, Orator, 104 Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Cicero, 24.4 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D.C. Innes, "Longinus and Caecilius", 262 (note 10). ↩
J. Bollansie, Hermippos of Smyrna, 415. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 8.1–4. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
C. Wooten, "Cicero's Reactions to Demosthenes", 38–40. ↩
Cicero, Brutus, 38 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 142. ↩
F. Nietzsche, Lessons of Rhetoric, 233–235. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 238 (note 232). ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 139 Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Demosthenes, 9–11. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Mader, Gottfried (2007). "Foresight, Hindsight, and the Rhetoric of Self-Fashioning in Demosthenes' Philippic Cycle". Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric. 25 (4): 339–360. doi:10.1525/rh.2007.25.4.339. S2CID 145293706. ↩
Wooten, Cecil (1999). "A Triple Division in Demosthenes". Classical Philology. 94 (4): 450–454. doi:10.1086/449458. S2CID 162267631. ↩
Grenville Kleiser, Great Speeches, p 124 ↩
"Demosthenes". Encyclopedia. 23 May 2018. ↩
D.C. Innes, 'Longinus and Caecilius", passim. ↩
Juvenal, Satura, X, 119. ↩
C. Wooten, "Cicero's Reactions to Demosthenes", 37. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 3. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
A. J. L. Blanshard & T. A. Sowerby, "Thomas Wilson's Demosthenes", 46–47, 51–55; "Demosthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002. ↩
G. Gibson, Interpreting a Classic, 1. ↩
W. A. Rebhorn, Renaissance Debates on Rhetoric, 139, 167, 258. ↩
A. J. L. Blanshard & T. A. Sowerby, "Thomas Wilson's Demosthenes", 46–47, 51–55. ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 352. ↩
V. Marcu, Men and Forces of Our Time, 32. ↩
F. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, 247 * P. J. M. Van Tongeren, Reinterpreting Modern Culture, 92. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 26; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 66–67. ↩
However, the speeches that Demosthenes "published" might have differed from the original speeches that were actually delivered (there are indications that he rewrote them with readers in mind) and therefore it is possible also that he "published" different versions of any one speech, differences that could have impacted on the Alexandrian edition of his works and thus on all subsequent editions down to the present day. See H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On The Crown, 26–27. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 28. ↩
F. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, III, 1, 60. ↩
C. A. Gibson, Interpreting a Classic, 1; K. A. Kapparis, Apollodoros against Neaira, 62. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 500. ↩
G. Kennedy, "Oratory", 514. ↩
G Kennedy, "Oratory", 510. ↩
I. Worthington, Oral Performance, 135. ↩
"Demosthenes". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952.; F. Blass, Die Attische Beredsamkeit, III, 1, 281–287. ↩
Sheehan, Matt (15 March 2003). ""Demosthenian, Notes from a Polite New Yorker"". Knot Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 June 2007. ↩
"Demosthenesia A.C.Sm. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 25 August 2021. ↩
Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. S2CID 187926901. Retrieved 1 January 2021. ↩
E. Cohen, The Athenian Nation, 76. ↩
E. Cohen, The Athenian Nation, 76; "Demosthenes". Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952. ↩
E. M. Burke, The Looting of the Estates of the Elder Demosthenes, 63. ↩
D. Braund, "The Bosporan Kings and Classical Athens", 200. ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 86. ↩
F. Nietzsche, Lessons of Rhetoric, 65. ↩
Suda, article Demosthenes. ↩
Cicero, Brutus, 121 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Quintilian, Institutiones, XII, 2.22. Archived 29 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine ↩
K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 84; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 10–11. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 4.4 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * D. Hawhee, Bodily Arts, 156. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 4.4 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * M. L. Rose, The Staff of Oedipus, 57. ↩
H. Yunis, Demosthenes: On the Crown, 211 (note 180). ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 4.5. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
"Demosthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.; K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 90; H. Weil, Biography of Demothenes, 17. ↩
E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 175, 185. ↩
Demosthenes, Fourth Philippic, 35–45 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * E. M. Burke, "The Early Political Speeches of Demosthenes", 188. ↩
Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac, 16 and 24; Demosthenes, Third Philippic, 31 * D. M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 13; I. Worthington, Alexander the Great, 21. ↩
D.M. MacDowell, Demosthenes the Orator, ch. 13 * K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 258. ↩
J. H. Vince, Demosthenes I, 242–243. ↩
Demosthenes, Philip's Letter to Athenians, Speeches, 12.6 Archived 4 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine: "This is the most amazing exploit of all; for, before the king [Artaxerxes III] reduced Egypt and Phoenicia, you passed a decree calling on me to make common cause with the rest of the Greeks against him, in case he attempted to interfere with us". ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 52 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Plutarch, Demosthenes, 12.2 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine * E.M. Harris, "Demosthenes' Speech against Meidias", 118. ↩
E.M. Harris, "Demosthenes' Speech against Meidias", passim; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 28. ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 20; Pseudo-Plutarch, Demosthenes, 845ff. ↩
Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon, 239–240 Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine; Dinarcus, Against Demosthenes, 18–21. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
I. Apostolidis, note 1219 in J.G. Droysen, History of Alexander the Great, 719–720; J. Engels, Hypereides, 308–313; I. Worthington, Harpalus Affair, passim. ↩
Pausanias, Description of Greece, 2.33. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
Plutarch, Demosthenes, 25.4. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine ↩
I. Apostolidis, note 1229 (with further references), in J. G. Droysen, History of Alexander the Great, 725; K. Tsatsos, Demosthenes, 307–309. ↩
F. Blass, Die attische Beredsamkeit, III, 1, 404–406 and 542–546. ↩
A. Schaefer, Demosthenes und seine Zeit, III, 111, 178, 247 and 257; H. Weil, Biography of Demosthenes, 66–67. ↩
J. H. Vince, Demosthenes Orations, 268, 317, 353, 463. ↩
F. J. Long, Ancient Rhetoric and Paul's Apology, 102; M. Trap, Greek and Latin Letters, 12. ↩
J. A. Goldstein, The Letters of Demosthenes, 93. ↩

Demosthenes

Early years and personal life

Family and personal life

Education

Speech training

Career

Legal career

Early political activity

Confrontation with Philip II

First Philippic and the Olynthiacs (351–349 BC)

Case of Meidias (348 BC)

Peace of Philocrates (347–345 BC)

Second and Third Philippics (344–341 BC)

Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)

Last political initiatives and death

Confrontation with Alexander

Delivery of On the Crown

Case of Harpalus and death

Assessments

Political career

Oratorical skill

Rhetorical legacy

Works and transmission

Later honours

Notes

Sources

Primary sources (Greeks and Romans)

Secondary sources

Further reading

Notes

Footnotes

Early years and personal life

Family and personal life

Education

Speech training

Career

Legal career

Early political activity

Confrontation with Philip II

First Philippic and the Olynthiacs (351–349 BC)

Case of Meidias (348 BC)

Peace of Philocrates (347–345 BC)

Second and Third Philippics (344–341 BC)

Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)

Last political initiatives and death

Confrontation with Alexander

Delivery of On the Crown

Case of Harpalus and death

Assessments

Political career

Oratorical skill

Rhetorical legacy

Works and transmission

Later honours

Notes

Sources

Primary sources (Greeks and Romans)

Secondary sources

Further reading

Notes

Footnotes

Other languages

Sub-pages

Nearby events

Opinions 0