Decimus Clodius Albinus (c. 150 – 19 February 197) was a Roman imperial pretender between 193 and 197. He was proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain and Hispania after the murder of Pertinax in 193 (known as the "Year of the Five Emperors").
Born~Died 150 ~ Feb 19, 197Last edited Oct 15, 2026, 2:42 PM
Details
Born ~ Died
150 ~ Feb 19, 197
Born
c. 150, Hadrumetum, Roman Africa (Sousse, Tunisia)
Decimus Clodius Albinus (c. 150 – 19 February 197) was a Roman imperial pretender between 193 and 197. He was proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain and Hispania after the murder of Pertinax in 193 (known as the "Year of the Five Emperors"). Initially Albinus cooperated with another contender for the throne, Septimius Severus, but the two turned on each other in 196 and commenced a civil war. Albinus died in battle the following year.1
Biography
Early life
Albinus was born in Hadrumetum, Africa Province (Sousse, Tunisia) to an aristocratic Roman family. The unreliable Historia Augusta claims his parents' names were Aurelia Messallina and Ceionius Postumus, along with other relatives mentioned in Vita Albini. None of these names are considered likely to be accurate by modern historians.2 The text also claims that Clodius received the cognomen Albinus because of the extraordinary whiteness of his complexion.3
Career under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus
Showing a disposition for military life, he entered the army when very young and served with distinction, especially in 175 during the rebellion of Avidius Cassius against Emperor Marcus Aurelius. His merit was acknowledged by the Emperor in two letters in which he calls Albinus an African, who resembled his countrymen but little, and who was praiseworthy for his military experience and the gravity of his character.3 The Emperor likewise declared that without Albinus the legions (in ) would have gone over to , and that he intended to have him chosen .
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The Emperor Commodus gave Albinus a command in Gallia Belgica and afterwards in Britain. A false rumor having been spread that Commodus had died, Albinus denounced the man before his soldiers in Britain, calling Commodus a tyrant, and maintaining that it would be useful to the Roman Empire to restore to the Senate its ancient dignity and power. The Senate was very pleased with these sentiments, but not so the Emperor, who sent Junius Severus to relieve Albinus of his command. Despite this, Albinus kept his command until after the murders of Commodus and his successor Pertinax in 193.
Alliance with Septimius Severus
After Pertinax was assassinated, the praetorian prefectAemilius Laetus and his men, who had arranged the murder, "sold" the imperial throne to wealthy senator Didius Julianus, effectively crowning him emperor. A string of mutinies by the troops in the provinces, however, meant the next emperor was far from decided. Pescennius Niger was proclaimed emperor by the legions in Syria; Septimius Severus by the troops in Illyricum and Pannonia; and Albinus by the armies in Britain and Gaul.
In the civil war that followed, Albinus was initially allied with Septimius Severus, who had captured Rome. Albinus added the name Septimius to his own, and accepted the title of Caesar from him; the two shared a consulship in 194. Albinus remained effective ruler of much of the western part of the Empire, with support from three British legions and one Spanish.5 When Didius Julianus was put to death by order of the Senate, who dreaded the power of Septimius Severus, the latter turned his arms against Pescennius Niger. After the defeat and death of Niger in 194, and the complete discomfiture of his adherents, especially after the fall of Byzantium in 196, Severus resolved to make himself the absolute master of the Roman Empire. Albinus, seeing the danger of his position, prepared for resistance. He narrowly escaped being assassinated by a messenger of Severus, after which he put himself at the head of his army, which is said to have consisted of 150,000 men.3
Declaring himself emperor
In autumn 196, Albinus received word that Severus had appointed his elder son Caracalla as his successor with the title of Caesar and convinced the Senate to declare Albinus himself an official enemy of Rome. Now with nothing to lose, Albinus mobilized his legions in Britannia, proclaimed himself emperor (Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus) and crossed from Britain to Gaul, bringing a large part of the British garrison with him.6 He defeated Severus' legate Virius Lupus, and was able to lay claim to the military resources of Gaul, but although he made Lugdunum the headquarters of his forces, he was unable to win the allegiance of the Rhine legions.1
On 19 February 197 Albinus met Severus' army at the Battle of Lugdunum.7 After a hard-fought battle, with 150,000 troops on both sides according to Cassius Dio, Albinus was defeated and killed himself, or was captured and executed on the orders of Severus.8 Severus had his naked body laid out on the ground before him, so that he could ride his horse over it, in a final act of humiliation. Albinus' wife and two sons were initially pardoned by Severus, but he changed his mind almost immediately afterwards, for as the dead Albinus was beheaded, so were they. Albinus' headless body was thrown into the Rhône, together with the corpses of his murdered family. Severus sent his head to Rome as a warning to his supporters; with it he sent an insolent letter, in which he mocked the Senate for their loyalty to Albinus. The town of Lugdunum was plundered, and the adherents of Albinus were cruelly persecuted by Severus.
Personal life
It is said that he wrote a treatise on agriculture and a collection of Milesian tales.910
The name of Albinus' wife is unknown,11 and only the unreliable Historia Augusta mention any name for his sons,12 claiming that he had an infant son named Pescennius Princus,13 but some historians such as Anthony Birley hold that this name is fictitious.14
Indeed, he stripped Britain of every available soldier, which meant that Severus' new administration had to deal with several rebellions, including those of the Maeatae. ↩
In the past some have thought that she might have been Pescennia Plautiana;10 this name has also been ascribed to a possible wife or daughter of Pescennius Niger. The woman may be entirely fictional and created by coin forgers.11 Anthony Birley has proposed that she may have been an Asellia, a relative of Asellius Aemilianus.12 Alexander Mlasowsky and Dietmar Kienast also found this plausible.1314↩
British Museum. Dept. of Coins and Medals (1965). Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. Vol. 5. Trustees of the British Museum. p. 105. ↩
The name "Princus" may have been a mistake for Prineus, Primus or Priscus.1617↩
Birley, Anthony (1981). The Fasti of Roman Britain. Clarendon Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780198148210. ↩
Decimus Clodius Albinus (c. 150 – 19 February 197) was a Roman imperial pretender between 193 and 197. He was proclaimed emperor by the legions in Britain and Hispania after the murder of Pertinax in 193 (known as the "Year of the Five Emperors"). Initially Albinus cooperated with another contender for the throne, Septimius Severus, but the two turned on each other in 196 and commenced a civil war. Albinus died in battle the following year.1
Biography
Early life
Albinus was born in Hadrumetum, Africa Province (Sousse, Tunisia) to an aristocratic Roman family. The unreliable Historia Augusta claims his parents' names were Aurelia Messallina and Ceionius Postumus, along with other relatives mentioned in Vita Albini. None of these names are considered likely to be accurate by modern historians.2 The text also claims that Clodius received the cognomen Albinus because of the extraordinary whiteness of his complexion.3
Career under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus
Showing a disposition for military life, he entered the army when very young and served with distinction, especially in 175 during the rebellion of Avidius Cassius against Emperor Marcus Aurelius. His merit was acknowledged by the Emperor in two letters in which he calls Albinus an African, who resembled his countrymen but little, and who was praiseworthy for his military experience and the gravity of his character. The Emperor likewise declared that without Albinus the legions (in ) would have gone over to , and that he intended to have him chosen .
The Emperor Commodus gave Albinus a command in Gallia Belgica and afterwards in Britain. A false rumor having been spread that Commodus had died, Albinus denounced the man before his soldiers in Britain, calling Commodus a tyrant, and maintaining that it would be useful to the Roman Empire to restore to the Senate its ancient dignity and power. The Senate was very pleased with these sentiments, but not so the Emperor, who sent Junius Severus to relieve Albinus of his command. Despite this, Albinus kept his command until after the murders of Commodus and his successor Pertinax in 193.
Alliance with Septimius Severus
After Pertinax was assassinated, the praetorian prefectAemilius Laetus and his men, who had arranged the murder, "sold" the imperial throne to wealthy senator Didius Julianus, effectively crowning him emperor. A string of mutinies by the troops in the provinces, however, meant the next emperor was far from decided. Pescennius Niger was proclaimed emperor by the legions in Syria; Septimius Severus by the troops in Illyricum and Pannonia; and Albinus by the armies in Britain and Gaul.
In the civil war that followed, Albinus was initially allied with Septimius Severus, who had captured Rome. Albinus added the name Septimius to his own, and accepted the title of Caesar from him; the two shared a consulship in 194. Albinus remained effective ruler of much of the western part of the Empire, with support from three British legions and one Spanish.5 When Didius Julianus was put to death by order of the Senate, who dreaded the power of Septimius Severus, the latter turned his arms against Pescennius Niger. After the defeat and death of Niger in 194, and the complete discomfiture of his adherents, especially after the fall of Byzantium in 196, Severus resolved to make himself the absolute master of the Roman Empire. Albinus, seeing the danger of his position, prepared for resistance. He narrowly escaped being assassinated by a messenger of Severus, after which he put himself at the head of his army, which is said to have consisted of 150,000 men.3
Declaring himself emperor
In autumn 196, Albinus received word that Severus had appointed his elder son Caracalla as his successor with the title of Caesar and convinced the Senate to declare Albinus himself an official enemy of Rome. Now with nothing to lose, Albinus mobilized his legions in Britannia, proclaimed himself emperor (Imperator Caesar Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Augustus) and crossed from Britain to Gaul, bringing a large part of the British garrison with him.6 He defeated Severus' legate Virius Lupus, and was able to lay claim to the military resources of Gaul, but although he made Lugdunum the headquarters of his forces, he was unable to win the allegiance of the Rhine legions.1
On 19 February 197 Albinus met Severus' army at the Battle of Lugdunum.7 After a hard-fought battle, with 150,000 troops on both sides according to Cassius Dio, Albinus was defeated and killed himself, or was captured and executed on the orders of Severus.8 Severus had his naked body laid out on the ground before him, so that he could ride his horse over it, in a final act of humiliation. Albinus' wife and two sons were initially pardoned by Severus, but he changed his mind almost immediately afterwards, for as the dead Albinus was beheaded, so were they. Albinus' headless body was thrown into the Rhône, together with the corpses of his murdered family. Severus sent his head to Rome as a warning to his supporters; with it he sent an insolent letter, in which he mocked the Senate for their loyalty to Albinus. The town of Lugdunum was plundered, and the adherents of Albinus were cruelly persecuted by Severus.
Personal life
It is said that he wrote a treatise on agriculture and a collection of Milesian tales.910
The name of Albinus' wife is unknown,11 and only the unreliable Historia Augusta mention any name for his sons,12 claiming that he had an infant son named Pescennius Princus,13 but some historians such as Anthony Birley hold that this name is fictitious.14
Indeed, he stripped Britain of every available soldier, which meant that Severus' new administration had to deal with several rebellions, including those of the Maeatae. ↩
In the past some have thought that she might have been Pescennia Plautiana;10 this name has also been ascribed to a possible wife or daughter of Pescennius Niger. The woman may be entirely fictional and created by coin forgers.11 Anthony Birley has proposed that she may have been an Asellia, a relative of Asellius Aemilianus.12 Alexander Mlasowsky and Dietmar Kienast also found this plausible.1314↩
British Museum. Dept. of Coins and Medals (1965). Coins of the Roman Empire in the British Museum. Vol. 5. Trustees of the British Museum. p. 105. ↩
The name "Princus" may have been a mistake for Prineus, Primus or Priscus.1617↩
Birley, Anthony (1981). The Fasti of Roman Britain. Clarendon Press. p. 149. ISBN 9780198148210. ↩
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