Battle of Hongsan (Korean: 홍산대첩, Hongsan Daecheop) was a battle in July of the second year of King Woo (1376) in the late Goryeo period, in which a Goryeo army led by Choe Yeong destroyed Wokou raiders at Hongsan in Chungcheong Province.
Together with Battle of Jinpo led by Choe Mu-seon, Battle of Hwangsan led by Yi Seong-gye, Battle of Gwaneumpo led by Jeong Ji, and Expedition to Tsushima led by Park Wi, it is evaluated as one of the outstanding achievements among the battles against the Wokou in the late Goryeo period.
However, because the scale of the battle was small and its effect on the course of the Wokou invasions was not that great, it is somewhat ambiguous to call the battle itself a "great victory" (大捷, daecheop) (discussed below).
Background
In July of the second year of King Woo (1376), Wokou with more than twenty ships attacked the naval camp of Jeolla Wonsu, set fire to Goryeo warships at Yeongsan (榮山), and moved on to Naju to plunder. At this time, Ha Eul-ji (河乙沚), the Jeolla-do Wonsu (全羅道元帥) concurrently Commissioner for Pacification (都安撫使) who was responsible for defending this area, had been replaced by Ryu Yeong (柳濚) after being impeached. Without waiting for Ryu Yeong to arrive and complete the handover, Ha Eul-ji went straight to Jinju, where his farm was located, leaving a gap in command when the incident occurred. (Ha Eul-ji was sentenced to flogging for this and exiled to Hadong.)
Passing through Buyeo County and reaching Gongju, the Wokou were opposed by Kim Sa-hyeok (金斯革), Magistrate of Gongju, who fought them at Jeonghyeon (鼎峴) but was defeated. Park In-gye (朴仁桂), Yangwang-do Wonsu, went out to block the Wokou but fell from his horse during battle at Gaetaesa in Yeongsan (連山) and was killed. Both Gongju and Gaetaesa were burned by the Wokou.
When news of Park In-gye's death arrived, Choe Yeong, Panssamsa-sa (判三司事), asked King Woo for permission to personally lead the campaign against the Wokou. At that time Choe Yeong was sixty years old, and King Woo and the court officials tried not to permit it because of his advanced age, but Choe Yeong repeatedly requested it. As soon as King Woo granted permission, he set out without even taking a moment's sleep.1
The Goryeosa records that at this time the Wokou placed the elderly and the weak on their ships and pretended they were about to return home, while secretly sending several hundred elite troops deep inland to raid. It notes that wherever the Wokou went, people only watched and no one dared to resist, and that when they reached Hongsan they killed or abducted many people in large numbers, with a very strong momentum.1
The Wokou also appeared at Nangsan Hyeon (朗山縣) and Pungje Hyeon (豐堤縣, Yongseong-ri, Yongdong-myeon, Iksan City), areas around the Sanbuk Stream in Iksan. Ryu Yeong, Jeolla-do Wonsu, and Ryu Sil (柳實), Magistrate of Jeonju, fought bravely and achieved military merit by seizing more than 200 cattle and horses that the Wokou had plundered and returning them to their original owners. Meanwhile, in Gaegyeong, the residents of Gyodong Hyeon (喬桐縣) were moved to places closer to Gaegyeong to avoid the Wokou. When rumors spread that "the Wokou would soon invade the capital" and "the enemy commander had first climbed Songak Mountain (松岳山)," troops from the neighborhoods (方里) were sent out in the middle of the night to guard the walls, and monks were conscripted as soldiers to defend key strategic points.
Course of the Battle
In July, the Goryeo army led by Choe Yeong, the supreme commander of the Goryeo forces, along with Choe Gong-cheol, Yangwang-do Dosunmunsa (楊廣道都巡問使), Gang Yeong (康永), Assistant Commander (助戰元帥), and Park Su-nyeon (朴壽年), Byeongmasa (兵馬使), arrived at Hongsan (鴻山).
Upon seeing the Wokou, the various generals were frightened and afraid and did not advance. In this situation, the supreme commander Choe Yeong personally took the lead before his soldiers, led his elite troops in a charge, and fought with the Wokou. In the course of charging forward and fighting, Choe Yeong himself was inevitably exposed to Wokou attacks. A Wokou soldier who had been hiding in the grass stood up, shot an arrow, and hit Choe Yeong's lip. Choe Yeong pulled out the arrow that had struck his lip and continued fighting while bleeding, succeeding in driving the enemy away.2
When Choe Yeong sent Park Seung-gil (朴承吉), Pansa (判事), to report the victory, King Woo was delighted and gave gold (백금) to Park Seung-gil, who had brought the news. He also sent Seok Mun-seong (石文成), Samsa Usa (三司右使), and others to bestow clothing, liquor, and a saddled horse on Choe Yeong, and dispatched the physician Eo Baek-pyeong (魚伯評) and others to treat him.2
In the following year after the Battle of Hongsan, the third year of King Woo (1377), a young boy who had been captured by the Wokou escaped and returned. When the various generals asked about the situation among the Wokou, the boy stated that the Wokou had said among themselves, "Among them (the Goryeo forces), the only one to be feared is the white-haired Commander (萬戶) Choe. At the battle of Hongsan, when Commander Choe arrived, our soldiers were terrified of the way his troops competed to ride and trample everything."2
On the Battlefield of the Battle of Hongsan
Regarding the situation when Choe Yeong arrived at Hongsan, the Goryeosa states: "Arriving at Hongsan, (Choe) Yeong (瑩) first occupied the dangerous pass; on three sides were surrounded by cliffs, and only one road could barely be passed (至鴻山, 瑩先據險隘, 三面皆絶壁, 唯一路可通)."1 The Goryeosa jeolyo (《고려사절요》) states: "Arriving at Hongsan, the Wokou (倭) first occupied the dangerous pass; on three sides were surrounded by cliffs, and only one road could barely be passed (至鴻山, 倭先據險隘, 三面皆絶壁, 唯一路可通)."3 Thus the records differ on the subject of the act of "occupying the dangerous pass": whether it was Choe Yeong or the Wokou.
Regarding this, it is interpreted as reasonable, in light of the description that "the various generals were frightened and did not advance," to consider that according to the Goryeosa jeolyo record rather than the Goryeosa, the subject who occupied the dangerous pass was the Wokou.4 Judging from the circumstances described before and after, it was clear that the Wokou had arrived at Hongsan before Choe Yeong and were already engaged in plunder. Moreover, a dangerous pass offers a strategically advantageous position for defense, so there would have been no need for Choe Yeong, a veteran general of countless battles, to give up such a geographical advantage and charge bravely at the front of the frightened troops. In addition, the fact that the cavalry soldiers who charged alongside Choe Yeong raises the likelihood that the subject who "occupied the dangerous pass" was the Wokou, not Choe Yeong.5
The battlefield of the Battle of Hongsan is presumed to be Taebong Mountain Fortress (aka Bukchon-ri Mountain Fortress) (태봉산성), located at San 12 Bukchon-ri, Hongsan-myeon, Buyeo County, North Chungcheong. It is situated on a peak at 90 m above sea level, at the very end of a ridge extending south from Taebong Mountain (160 m). It is a temoi-shik mountain fortress built parallel to the 75 m contour line, with a perimeter of 440 m, and was designated as Chungcheongnam-do Cultural Heritage Material No. 368 in 2000.6 The terrain of Taebong Mountain Fortress, as described in the Goryeosa, has three sides formed by steep slopes near cliffs, with only a path just wide enough for one car to reach the summit. The path up to the summit also winds in zigzags, and from the summit the surrounding terrain can be seen at a glance. This is said to coincide with the terrain described as "on three sides surrounded by cliffs, and only one road could barely be passed," where the Wokou had set up their camp.7
Beginning in 1977, the Ministry of Culture and Information (文化公報部) carried out a three-year project to repair cultural properties, under the aim of "purifying, as a place for historical education, the Hoguk (護國) war sites that hold important historical significance through overcoming national crises, and the important national defense historic sites that embody the national resolve of being prepared to prevent misfortune."8 Behind this project lay the government's intention to foster loyalty to the nation and raise national pride by having the state take the lead in intensively repairing sites of national defense.9 As part of this project, the Battle of Hongsan Monument was erected on the summit of Taebong Mountain Fortress, and the area inside the fortress was developed into a fortress park. Afterward, from the 1980s onward, official histories such as the Buyeo-gunji (《부여군지》) and the Chungcheongnam-do-ji (忠淸南道誌) mention that the Battle of Hongsan Monument stands on the summit of Taebong Mountain, or describe Taebong Mountain as having been handed down as the battlefield of the Battle of Hongsan.10
However, regarding whether Taebong Mountain Fortress was indeed the battlefield of the Battle of Hongsan, there is a point of criticism: first, 1) the early Joseon official geographical records such as the Geographical Treatise (地理志) of the Veritable Records of King Sejong (《세종실록》) and the Sinjeung Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam (《新增東國輿地勝覽》), as well as the Hongsan Hyeonji (鴻山縣誌), an official local gazetteer compiled in the eighth year of King Gojong (1871), contain no mention whatsoever of Taebong Mountain Fortress or the Battle of Hongsan. Therefore, there is no documentary basis to support that Taebong Mountain Fortress was the battlefield of the Battle of Hongsan. 2) Excavations conducted in 2007 confirmed that Taebong Mountain Fortress was built in the Goryeo period, and that remains predating the wall were discovered in the lower layer of the fortress wall, with Baekje-period artifacts excavated, thus confirming that it had been continuously used in some form since earlier times. However, no clear archaeological evidence was found that would indicate a fight with the Wokou.11 For these reasons, it is argued that it is difficult to designate Taebong Mountain Fortress as the battlefield of the Battle of Hongsan.12
Even when compared with the description in the Goryeosa, although Taebong Mountain Fortress is located near the summit and belongs to a sloped area, it is somewhat unreasonable to describe the terrain as "cliffs." Although the western side of the fortress is clearly steep, the eastern ridge has a relatively gentle slope, and the only place that could be called a cliff is at most one spot on the southwest where a paved road runs. In the photos on the right and below, the slopes of the left and right ridges look similar to ordinary mountains and no special features can be found. Furthermore, the paved road entering Taebong Mountain Fortress from the southwest of the peak is hard to regard as the "only road" mentioned in the Goryeosa.13
Based on the above, it is difficult to view Hongsan Taebong Mountain Fortress as the battlefield of the Battle of Hongsan as the existing academic theory holds. If one were to locate the battlefield of the Battle of Hongsan based on the record that "on three sides were surrounded by cliffs, and only one road could barely be passed," a view has also been proposed that the area closest to matching this record while also providing the highest defensive effect is the Bihongsan area, which is said to be the most rugged terrain within the county.14 On the southeast side of Bihongsan, a temple site has been confirmed where roof tile and celadon fragments from the mid-to-late Goryeo period were collected, along with the Hongyang-ri Five-story Stone Pagoda (Chungcheongnam-do Tangible Cultural Heritage No. 29), which appears to have been erected after the mid-Goryeo period.15 Also, Namchon-ri Fortress (南村里城), presumed to be the old town wall of Goryeo's Hongsan Hyeon, has been identified not far away.16
Aftermath
In August, when Choe Yeong returned victorious, King Woo had the Jaecheu (재추, senior councillors) prepare a banquet at Cheonsusa (天水寺), and had the Sunwibu (巡衛府) stage various performances. King Woo himself led the civil and military officials to meet Choe Yeong at the Imjin River, as if receiving an envoy from the emperor.2
In September, Choe Yeong was made Sijung (侍中) in recognition of his merit at Hongsan. However, Choe Yeong declined, saying, "If I become Sijung, I will not be able to go out carelessly. I will accept after the Wokou have been completely pacified." He was instead enfeoffed as Cheolseong Buwongun (鐵原府院君). Ryu Yeong, Jeolla-do Wonsu, who had achieved merit at Nangsan and Pungje and was Choe Yeong's nephew by marriage, was also given the post of Milji Busa Sangui (密直副使商議). The Goryeosa describes this as an attempt to flatter Choe Yeong, and states that Choe Yeong did not bother to stop it.1
The Goryeosa jeolyo records that Yi In-im (李仁任) and Ji Yun (池奫), who served as Jeongbang Jeojo (政房提調), exercised power at will, and many who had not participated in the campaign nevertheless received rewards. It also states that Gyeong Bok-heung (慶復興), who was likewise a Jeongbang Jeojo, was unable to stop this.17
In the "Panssamsa-sa Choe-gong hwasang chan byeongseo" (判三司事崔公畵像贊 幷序) contained in the collected works of Yi Saek, the Mokeunjip (《목은집》), and in the Dongmunseon (《동문선》),18 it is recorded that in April of the fifth year of King Woo (1379), three years after the Battle of Hongsan, on the day Eulchuk, someone among Choe Yeong's subordinates presented a painting of the "Hongsan Pajindo" (鴻山破陣圖), that is, a picture of Choe Yeong's battle at Hongsan. Then, in the very next year after the Hongsan Pajindo was presented, the Battle of Jinpo took place, followed by the Battle of Hwangsan. Jeong Mong-ju, in a poem composed by responding to a poem Choe Yeong had written when he was exiled to Yeongdeok at the time of Shin Don's slander in the fourteenth year of King Gongmin (1365), wrote: "Raising righteousness at Dalcheon to boost morale, / At Hongya achieving merit and restoring the people's livelihood" (擧義㺚川增士氣 成功鴻野更人煙).19 In this way, he praised the Battle of Hongsan as one of Choe Yeong's representative achievements, together with his participation in suppressing the Zhang Shicheng rebellion, suppressing the Red Turban Rebellion, and pacifying the Choe Yu Rebellion.
Evaluation
Is the Battle of Hongsan a "Great Victory"?: On the Results of the Battle
Choe Yeong's Battle of Hongsan was referred to as a "great victory" (大捷) relatively early on, along with Na Se and Choe Mu-seon's Battle of Jinpo, Yi Seong-gye's Battle of Hwangsan, and Jeong Ji's Battle of Gwaneumpo (Battle of Namhae). Under the nationalist historical outlook of the 1960s and 1970s, it was evaluated as the most prominent event in the forty years of fighting against the Wokou in the late Goryeo period,20 and was simply carried over into research and descriptions of the Wokou.
Regarding the fact that Choe Yeong drove off the Wokou at the Battle of Hongsan, relevant documents record the result as "greatly defeated" (大破) or "greatly routed" (大敗), but the exact casualties are ambiguous. Unlike the other battles listed as "great victories," the sizes of the forces on both the Goryeo and Wokou sides and the results achieved by the Goryeo army commanded by Choe Yeong are recorded relatively sparsely.21 Regarding the scale of the Wokou whom Choe Yeong drove out at Hongsan, the only record is that they were "captured or cut down, nearly all eliminated (俘斬殆盡)," and the specific details cannot be known.22 When Choe Yeong returned after his victory, King Woo poured wine for him personally and asked, "How many Wokou were there?" Choe Yeong answered, "Not many." When the ministers asked again, Choe Yeong again replied that the number of enemies he had faced was not many, adding, "If there had been many enemies, could this old man have come back alive?"1
Even after Choe Yeong's victory over the Wokou at Hongsan, the momentum of the Wokou was not broken. In September of the second year of King Woo (1376), the Wokou again plundered Gobu (古阜), Taesan (泰山), and Heungdeok (興德) with more than three hundred cavalry. They then plundered areas including Boan Hyeon (保安縣), Ui'in Hyeon (仁義縣), Gimje Hyeon (金堤縣), and Jangseong Hyeon (長城縣), and even took Jeonju, which was guarded by Ryu Sil, Magistrate of Jeonju. Although the Wokou were driven back at Gwisinsa (歸信寺) by Ryu Sil's counterattack, they again captured Imp'a Hyeon (臨坡縣) and opposed the Goryeo army. The Goryeo army, reinforced by the relief troops of Jo Sa-min (趙思敏), Deputy Commander of Jeolla-do (全羅道副元帥), Mok Chung (睦忠), Assistant Military Commander (助戰兵馬使), Byeon An-yeol (邊安烈), Commander of Yangwang Jeolla-do (楊廣全羅道都指揮使) concurrently Assistant Commander (助戰元帥), and Yi Sa-yeong (李士穎), Anryeom (按廉), joined together to oppose the Wokou, but they were defeated. Ryu Yeong, Jeolla-do Wonsu, was dismissed from office together with Ryu Sil, on an impeachment by the Saheonbu (司憲府), which charged that "though he was the Commander, he spent his days in music and women, and when Jeonju fell, he pretended to have fallen from his horse and did not go out to fight." In short, after the Battle of Hongsan, the Wokou in the Yangwang-do region entered a temporary lull, lasting only one or two months at most. However, the northwestern part of Jeolla-do, located south of the Geum River basin, was instead subjected to severe plundering by the Wokou who are presumed to have withdrawn from Hongsan.23 Even so, in October they again invaded the western coast along the Geum River basin, including Buryeong (扶寧), Jinpo (鎭浦), Ganghwa, and Hanju (韓州) Hanju.24
The Goryeosa, in the biography of Choe Yeong, describes the aspects of the Wokou before and after the Battle of Hongsan as follows: the Wokou placed the elderly and the weak on their ships, appearing as if they were about to return home, while secretly sending several hundred "elite" troops deep inland to plunder. The records show that the Wokou who invaded the Geum River basin did not move in a single unified direction in a fixed pattern, but showed a pattern of simultaneously plundering surrounding areas. Considering this situation, it can be seen that the group of Wokou that had achieved their intended goal to some extent and was returning home with the elderly and the weak aboard their ships corresponded to the main body (本隊) of the Wokou that led the invasion of the Geum River basin. The Wokou who invaded Hongsan can be regarded as a kind of "elite detached unit" that dispersed into surrounding areas and carried out plundering activities.25 Two months after the Battle of Hongsan, in September of that same year, the Wokou who invaded Gobu and Taein numbered three hundred cavalry.26 Considering this, it has also been speculated that the Wokou who entered Hongsan were roughly comparable in size.27
Lee Young (이영), professor at the Korea National Open University and others, who visited the Hongsan Taebong Mountain Fortress presumed to be the site of the Battle of Hongsan, pointed out that given the topographical conditions, the terrain would make it difficult for a large-scale battle to occur. The summit is only about 150 pyeong (roughly 500 square meters) in area, not a place that could accommodate a large force. The terrain here, as described in the Goryeosa, has three sides formed by steep slopes near cliffs, with only a path just wide enough for one car to reach the summit; the path up also winds in zigzags, and from the summit the surrounding terrain can be seen at a glance. Furthermore, the north side of the summit connects to a ridge extending from Taebong Mountain, and Lee Young points out the possibility that the Wokou, pressed by the Goryeo attack, retreated toward the coast along this ridge.28
Significance
There is also a view that the victory at the Battle of Hongsan went beyond a simple question of results: it instilled fear of Choe Yeong in the Wokou and was interpreted as a turning point at which the power of the Wokou began to weaken.29 From a military perspective as well, it is explained that the victory at Hongsan not only blocked the Wokou's attempt to advance into the inland areas along the Geum River coast but also resulted in greatly reducing the strength of the Wokou who had raided the Yangwang-do region.30 It is understood that the Battle of Hongsan merits evaluation as a "great victory" (大捷) not because of the size of the Wokou forces, but because it broke the morale of the enemy and restored the confidence of our own side.31
Before the Battle of Hongsan, fighting against the Wokou had been little more than this: when the Wokou ravaged many counties, local forces held on with difficulty, and regular troops that arrived late barely managed to stop them. The forces that landed on land combined with the Wokou in the interior to become enormous in scale, to the point that Goryeo government forces under Park In-gye were utterly defeated at Gaetaesa. In this situation, Lee Young interprets that the Battle of Hongsan, by annihilating the gathered Wokou forces that had crossed over in large numbers, provided a turning point that marked the conclusion of the chaos of East Asia, not only psychologically but in fact.
Lee Young also interprets that in the short term, the victory at the Battle of Hongsan brought a change in the Wokou attacks, and that in the long term it also marked the starting point of the decline of the Wokou's strength. Although the Wokou invasions themselves continued until the Battle of Hwangsan, the power of the Wokou, which at the level of a regular army had mobilized a great fleet, was clearly and greatly weakened after the Battle of Hongsan, to the point of activity at the level of local chieftains.
Reflecting this research trend, educational materials such as Korean high school history textbooks32 and the Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (한국민족문화대백과사전) of the Academy of Korean Studies,33 as well as the military introductory book History of the Korean Military (《한국군사사》) published by the Military History Research Institute of the Army Headquarters of Korea, all write the Battle of Hongsan as "Battle of Hongsan (홍산대첩)."34
Im Hyeong-su expresses doubt about interpretations that the Battle of Hongsan favorably affected subsequent battle conditions, as the existing academic theory holds, or that the Goryeo army recovered its confidence based on the victory at Hongsan. He argues that because the size of the mobilized forces and the results are unclear, and the battle did not greatly affect the subsequent course of the war, it may be somewhat insufficient to evaluate it as a "great victory." Yet he also evaluates that, from a military standpoint, the victory at Hongsan succeeded in temporarily driving the Wokou back, at least within the Yangwang-do region. He assesses that when Choe Yeong returned victorious from Hongsan at a time when the Wokou had reportedly burned the royal temple of the Goryeo dynasty, Gaetaesa, and the rumor was spreading that the Wokou would come up to Gaegyeong, the grand victory ceremony held in his honor both rewarded Choe Yeong and his officers and soldiers and also could fully be expected to have the political propaganda effect of calming people shaken by the Wokou.35
Before the Battle of Hongsan, the only record of Choe Yeong engaging the Wokou in earnest and achieving concrete victories is from the seventh year of King Gongmin (1357), when some four hundred Japanese ships plundered Ocha-po (吾叉浦, Oye-po), and he hid ambushers and fought them, winning a great victory. In the fourteenth year of King Gongmin (1364), when the Wokou invaded Gyodong and Ganghwa and stole the portrait of Sejo, he was demoted to Magistrate of Gyeryong for failing to prevent it while serving as Commander of the Eastern and Western Gangdo (東西江都指揮使). For the most part, however, Choe Yeong's opponents were the Red Turbans who invaded from the north, the Yuan troops who followed Prince Deokheung into Goryeo during the Choe Yu Rebellion, and the Yuan dynasty Mokho who were asserting their power on Jeju Island.
Furthermore, the Battle of Hongsan became an occasion on which the Wokou came to perceive Choe Yeong's existence as a threat. At the time of the Battle of Hongsan, Choe Yeong was sixty-one years old. As supreme commander leading the battle from the front, he was wounded when an arrow from a Wokou struck his lip, yet he did not panic and immediately pulled out that arrow and shot dead the Wokou who had shot him. This image of Choe Yeong not only raised the morale of the Goryeo army but also brought confidence in victory, becoming an occasion for active offensives against the Wokou, and the Wokou, who had looked lightly on the Goryeo army, came to fear it.36 This fear can be seen in the record that in the following year, a Goryeo child who had been captured by the Wokou and escaped said, "What Goryeo fears is the white-haired Commander Choe."37
The Goryeosa records that in the third year of King Woo (1377), the year after the Battle of Hongsan, Wokou who invaded Ganghwa Island attacked Yangwang-do. Park Seung-jik (朴承直), Magistrate of Suwon, set out with his troops after hearing news that three commanders, Wang An-deok (王安德), In-hae (印海), and Hong In-gyu (洪仁珪), were coming to relieve Yangwang-do. He asked the people plowing fields, "They say the commanders are coming; where are they now?" From the people working the fields who said, "The enemy has already withdrawn, and the commanders are pursuing them," he went to Anseong, where he was ambushed by the Wokou and lost most of his troops in defeat. The people plowing fields who told Park Seung-jik that "the Wokou have already withdrawn and the commanders are pursuing them" were in fact Wokou disguised as Goryeo people.
When Wang An-deok and the others were also defeated, the towns near Suwon, Yangseong, and Anseong were reduced to ruins where no people could be found. A Wokou prisoner captured at that time stated that the reason the Wokou of Ganghwa Island attacked Yangwang-do was "to strike Yangwang-do, draw Choe Yeong out to Yangwang-do, and in the meantime make a surprise attack on the undefended Gaegyeong."38 This shows that Choe Yeong was recognized by the Wokou as a threatening presence, standing out among the military commanders of Goryeo, and the Battle of Hongsan was the occasion for this.
Hongsan Great Victory Festival
In Hongsan-myeon, Buyeo County, where the Battle of Hongsan took place, the Hongsan Great Victory Festival (홍산대첩문화제) has been held annually in August since 2003, hosted by the Buyeo Cultural Center and organized by the Hongsan Great Victory Festival Organizing Committee. Begun with the aim of honoring the spirits of Choe Yeong, who led the Battle of Hongsan, and of the Goryeo army, the festival was held at Taebong Mountain, known as the site of the battle, until 2015, and since then has been held at Hongsan Donghun, the government office seat of Hongsan Hyeon.
각주